APRÈN. Portal de la producció docent del professorat de la UPC

Fiber optics are one of the most widely used data transmission technologies today, due to their high capacity, low latency and reliability. In this project, the design and deployment of a fiber optic network to the tower (Fiber To The Tower or as we will call from now on FTTT) is put into practice. The Backhaul 5G deployment that we will see later is located in the Anoia region and in the municipality of Cabrera de Mar, and is subsidized by Next Generation EU European funds. Its main objective is to accelerate the deployment of 5G technology in rural environments. To do this, we will connect several towers to an existing network using fiber optics, the most popular 5G backhaul technology today as it can transport large amounts of data at high speeds and is therefore the ideal technology to support the data traffic generated by 5G networks. These towers have to be connected to the existing network of Lyntia, a Spanish neutral telecommunications services company. We will see that the connection of the towers to the operator's network is more complex than it may seem at first glance. Therefore, it will not be enough to use Lyntia's existing infrastructure; it will be necessary to ask permission from other operators to be able to use sections of their infrastructure and at some points of the deployment we will have to resort to new construction.

Public transportation is a vital component of urban mobility, contributing to reduced traffic congestion and environmental sustainability. However, the working conditions of bus drivers, who are essential to this system, often involve significant challenges, particularly due to the high levels of noise in the driver's cabin. Prolonged exposure to such noise can lead to increased stress, fatigue, and potential long-term health issues, which in turn affect the safety and efficiency of public transportation services. This thesis aims to address these noise-related challenges by utilizing the TRIZ (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving) methodology to develop innovative solutions that improve the working conditions of bus drivers. The research begins with an analysis of current bus cabin amenities, identifying the headrest as a key area for potential improvement. Through spontaneous conversations with bus drivers operating on various routes in Barcelona and a review of relevant regulations and health considerations, the study highlights the critical need for effective noise reduction and enhanced ergonomics. The TRIZ methodology is then applied to explore inventive principles that can mitigate these issues without introducing new complications. Two primary solutions emerge from this analysis. The first solution involves integrating an active noise cancellation system within foldable headrest spoilers. This system captures ambient noise through microphones and produces counteracting sound waves through speakers, effectively reducing unwanted noise. The foldable design allows drivers to adjust the device according to their height and desired level of noise filtration. The second solution is a removable peripheral noise-cancelling device that can be attached to the existing headrest. This device offers a cost-effective alternative, allowing drivers to opt for noise cancellation if needed without extensive modifications to the bus cabin. Both solutions are designed to enhance driver comfort and concentration, thereby improving safety and operational efficiency. Additionally, these innovations are evaluated for their sustainability and ethical implications. The economic impact includes potential cost savings from reduced driver turnover and improved health outcomes. Socially, the solutions promote better working conditions and job satisfaction. Environmentally, the noise reduction technologies contribute to a quieter and more pleasant work environment. Ethically, the implementation of these solutions respects driver privacy and autonomy, as the devices are designed to be user-controlled and adaptable to individual preferences. In conclusion, this thesis demonstrates the practical application of the TRIZ methodology in addressing real-world problems within the public transportation sector. The proposed solutions not only tackle the immediate issue of noise in the driver's cabin but also promote long-term benefits for drivers, transit systems, and the community. By focusing on innovative, sustainable, and ethical approaches, this research emphasises the importance of continuous improvement in enhancing the quality of public service environments. These findings highlight the potential for widespread adoption of such solutions in various urban settings, contributing to improvement in the public transportation experience.

On numerous occasions when a person faces a problem, they do not know exactly the starting point or what are the possible paths for its resolution. In order to be able to help anyone and facilitate the work of invention, the TRIZ inventive problem solving methodology was born. The acronym TRIZ comes from the Russian, Teorija Rezhenija Izobretateleskih Zadach, that is, Theory for Solving Inventive Problems. This theory was proposed and developed by the Russian engineer Genrich Saulovich Altshuller, known as Genrich Altshuller. The explanation of the methodology as well as its application in the environment of problems designed so that it solves them efficiently and usefully is one of the key points of this project. In this sense, the main objective of the work, as well as the purpose to be achieved is, apart from making this methodology known, to be able to analyze and observe how it can behave in ICT environments, showing how it continues to be really useful in this type of problems. It is for this reason that during this work a possible resolution of a problem in an ICT environment is proposed through the use of the aforementioned methodology. As a didactic introduction, some examples of inventiveness solved by the TRIZ methodology are also discussed.

In this work, signal transmission has been studied at the practical level through a series of experiments. The experiments are described in a relatively simple way, with the aim of understanding how a wave front propagates without entering into the mathematical calculations, which can be very complex. From the whole range of available frequencies, we will work with a subset of the microwaves, defined as X-band. Being a mainly theoretical work, it will be introduced with some essential concepts to understand the reason for the experiments and their results. The aim of the experiments will be to demonstrate these concepts, such as the propagation properties: reflection, refraction and diffraction. Some physical phenomes such as polarisation and interference will also be seen. A list of specific materials for microwaves is required for the demonstrations. Some of this material has been designed according to the results that are wanted to be obtained. The dependence of the main factors of these designs will be explained, such as the material used and the dimensions of the object in question. To measure the results, because in X-band the human cannot perceive its transmission, the carrier signal has been modulated with an acoustic signal. In order to transmit the modulated signal, a transmitter will be used to generate the signal, and a receiver will be used to retrieve it. The receiver's function is to demodulate the signal and emit a signal that can be heard by humans. Therefore, the results obtained will be qualitative and will present errors according to the configuration of the material used. These errors are relatively negligible for what we want to demonstrate. The experiments have given the expected results according to the currently existing theory and laws. It has been possible to understand in a visual and practical way how a signal is propagated from one point to another in space, and how much this propagation can be altered.

Currently, due to the emergency of climate change and the limitation of fossil resources among others, electric vehiclesare gaining weight in society compared to those of combustion. In parallel, the increase in technology to carry out artificial intelligence has made it possible for a car to circulate autonomously. The future of the automobile industry is beginning to outline.The present project is the continuation of the work “Estudi, dimensionament i impacte del sistema de guiatge del vehicle autònom”.The latter deals with the idea of guiding autonomous vehicles in the same way that IP network do it with the packages. In a scenario where all traffic signs are removed except those aimed at pedestrians, the vehicles (package) will be guided by the instructions that will be communicated by the beacon (switch), located between an intersection of streets.The idea of a model distributed by a guiding system in an urban environment presents some problems. We propose a centralized model, which provides more power computing to the system and a correct adaptation to the vehicular ecosystem.The communications between vehicle and infrastructure present some disadvantages which must be solved. The brief period of time available for establishing a connection, the interferences present in a city or dynamic environment will mark the line of study. Moreover, the type of communicationsystem both in vehicles and beacons will be considered.Finally, we take a look at the technologies of the future such asmachine learningor quantum physics applied and which is what they would bring to the project. Before, however, theorizes about possible protocols and security systems in case of breakdowns or falls. Here, the fact of placing beacons on the outside plays a role in favor.

In this work we will study the transmission systems of a telephone operator for a hotel chain. The study will find and show the most appropriate routing as well as the best proposals and solutions to the varied problem that may represent the lack of homogeneity of the different operator's network sites.

Nowadays, sustainable and cultural activities are very important elements for the society. In this work we have focused on analyzing and trying to improve these aspects within a small village of Mallorca (Llubi). One of the facts that has encourage us to make this project is the problem that exists in these small localities regarding these issues. Therefore, the aims of this project will be linked to these two aspects. First of all, the main goal it will be to encourage recycling and stimulate sustainable activities. Secondly, we will also focus on promoting cultural activities and helping the maintenance of the village. The main advantage of all is increasing the population’s participation and improve the social life for them. To do this, we will design and implement a local currency (in-Coin), through a mobile app, so it will be an electronic currency and it will not exist physically. The operation is through a mobile application because of the continued growth of the use and importance of mobile apps in our lives. Not to mention the fact that In-Coins which people can accumulate recycling, developing cultural activities and other social functions, it will be used to spend on car parks, ticket cinema and another payment services. Furthermore, it is important not to forget that in-Coins aren’t trying to replace the legal currency, they are a complement. A main point that we have observed in the project, is that it is not static, which means that the project can be modified, expanded and improved during its implementation. In conclusion, we aren’t able to say if the objectives have been achieved properly, because we need to have to expect a time after the implementation of the coin to know the results of the work. But, we can say that the introduction of this project to this small village would be a great achievement to make it more sustainable.

In the business world, exist a great concern for the control of the activities and the management of the risks that the daily operation can suppose. If this global context is added to the current situation, there is a need to have its operations controlled, risks, avoiding fraud, and adapting it to some necessary regulations. The current technological market allows us to manage a large amount of data and facilitate its subsequent analysis to improve decision making visually and faster than in the traditional way as it has been doing the last years. This project is a contribution to this clear trend, through the analysis of risk management. This project has been proposed with a double objective: On the one hand, a more theoretical analysis is proposed in the area of risk management, where we will analyze all the elements that the element that intervene in the entire management process at the executive level. On the other hand, a proof of concept is proposed starting from the concept of segregation of duties (one of the most committed controls when analyzing internal control) in order to perform an analysis of a specific case. An analysis of the complete purchasing cycle in a customer's SAP system will be performed, based on the extraction of their data and by using a business intelligence tool selected, based on a previous benchmarking where all the possibilities are valued.

This project will study the importance of telecommunication models in smart cities of the future, specifically focusing on the transport network. Firstly, the different challenges posed by mobility and transport will be distinguished, taking into account the negative impacts on the city, such as congestion and pollution. It will deal with the replacement of existing public transport vehicles, such as buses, as well as private vehicles, by other public vehicles that are autonomous and individual (taxis on a bicing basis), or with capacity for a small group of passengers. These vehicles will travel with automatic guidance on a suitable infrastructure, which will allow an increase in transport capacity, an improvement in efficiency, a significant saving of energy, an increase in pedestrian space and a practically total decrease in the accident rate. The characteristics of Personal Rapid Transport (PRT) systems, also called automated transit networks or Podcar, will be studied in this document. Of the different characteristics of these systems, of particular note is the on-demand service, direct from origin to destination without the need for intermediate stops, the small size of the vehicles that will be able to transport a group of about 4 passengers and the small headway between vehicles that will allow an increase in the system's capacity. The current market for these systems will be analyzed and some projects for the transport infrastructure of autonomous vehicles currently in operation will be investigated. Afterwards, an analysis will be made of how this new transport model could be adapted in some area of the city of Barcelona and its behavior will be compared with the other current transport systems that are working in Barcelona. In summary, analyzing the results obtained, we can say that the adaptation of urban transit infrastructures to systems of autonomous vehicles will result in a more comfortable, cleaner, safer, more productive and more open city to its citizens.

The arrival of the Internet of Things (IoT) and its numerous applications is revolutionizing all the sectors in which it is being integrated. This project focuses on the application of the Internet of Things in the field of medicine, the so-called Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), starting by analyzing its evolution from the first telemetry systems to the current telemedicine. This project also studies some wearable devices applied to medicine that have already been implanted in our society. Besides, it examines its architecture and its applications. In addition to this, emerging technologies such as radio frequency identification (RFID) or the use of Big Data in the analysis of data in medicine are also analyzed. We will see how they are used, what types there are and some of their different applications. In order to apply all these technological systems correctly in the medical field, certain global and regional standards and protocols must be followed, which are also examined in this paper. Due to the massive increase of collected data and devices connected to the networks, this project studies the possible threats faced by patients, the security measures applied nowadays and the different security and privacy certifications in the medical field established both in the European Union and the United States. Finally, the main challenges that the IoMT will face in the future are listed and evaluated. As a conclusion, the difficulties that the IoMT technologies will have in order to be truly integrated in hospitals and in our healthcare system are analyzed, as well as why their use is not yet fully implemented.

Throughout the recent history of cities internal combustion engine vehicles have been and still are the mainstream mean of transport. As a result of this, some of their inherent problems such as social and environmental impact and even mortality have always been present in our society and dealt with as an unavoidable lesser evil. Nowadays, current scientific and technologic development allows us to finally face the problem by evolving traffic systems with two goals in mind: to increase their efficiency and to remove their past downsites. This project introduces a new traffic guiding model designed for urban areas. In this model there are only autonomous vehicles which are driven by an artificial intelligence instead of classic ones. These new vehicles are routed through 'beacons' deployed throughout the city which act as routers or navigation processing nodes. When a vehicle aproach a beacon its IA receives new instructions to reach the next beacon in the path to the destination. This process repeats until the vehicle reaches the destination. The proposed model borrows some ideas from computer networking principles. Thus, a vechicle could be considered as equivalent to an IP packet. Since a fundamental working peace of IP networks are dynamic routing protocols, it is clear that our model will need an equivalent system to work as well. Despite of our efforts to mimetize computer networks, vehicle traffic networks have some differences (some of them are physically inherent) and therefore some limitations arise. Therefore the same dynamic routing protocols which work for IP networks won't work out of the box for vehicle networks, thus requiring being completely redefined for this new enviroment. Since redifining and implementing a dynamic routing protocol in order to make it fully compatible with vehicle networks would be a very harsh task, in order to better reproduce theese particular conditions which current routing protocols are not designed to take into account, we introduce a Python application which help us analyze this problematic.