APRÈN. Portal de la producció docent del professorat de la UPC

Barcelona Besòs es un libro de libros, una herramienta que permite aproximarse a la sostenibilidad urbana y arquitectónica desde diversas perspectivas y a través de múltiples lecturas cruzadas. Se incluyen un Glosario, seis Propuestas, siete Discursos y veinticinco Mapas sobre el Barrio del Besòs y las ecologías corrientes que tienen lugar en él.

Barcelona Besòs is a book of books, a tool that enables the approach to urban architectural sustainability from various perspectives and through multiple cross-readings. It includes a Glossary, six Proposals, seven Discourses and twenty-five Maps on the Barri del Besòs and the current ecologies that take place there.

Barcelona Besòs és un llibre de llibres, una eina que permet aproximar-se a la sostenibilitat urbana i arquitectònica des de diverses perspectives i a través de múltiples lectures creuades. S'hi inclouen un Glossari, sis Propostes, set Discursos i vint-i-cinc Mapes sobre el Barri del Besos i les ecologies corrents que hi tenen lloc.

El uso de las instalaciones fotovoltaicas ha aumentado durante las últimas décadas para enfrentar los efectos del cambio climático, proporcionando una producción energética libre de emisiones de combustibles fósiles y promoviendo la autosuficiencia energética. En paralelo, otra opción para enfrentar a este hecho es de rehabilitar las fachadas para proporcionar un mejor rendimiento energético, buscando reducir las demandas térmicas de la vivienda. Sin embargo, estas medidas implican un alto consumo material y energético para transformar. Partiendo de que las instalaciones solares se componen de minerales raros y limitados en el planeta que tienen que ser extraídas a través de otros países y que esta medida está eclipsando a las rehabilitaciones de fachada convencionales, existe un riesgo de que los minerales que compongan los paneles se agoten. La minería urbana aborda el agotamiento de recursos mediante la recuperación y reciclaje de elementos valiosos al final de la vida útil de los componentes. En los paneles fotovoltaicos, se destacan minerales raros como el indio, la plata y el galio. Implementar un marco de extracción de recursos basado en políticas de reciclaje, gestión de residuos y un cambio de paradigma respecto a la minería tradicional puede reducir el ritmo de agotamiento de estos recursos, prolongando así la vida útil de los materiales utilizados. A través de un caso estudio del ciclo de vida en un edificio prototípico de Barcelona, se examinan las implicaciones energéticas de esta transición ecológica, destacando los impactos necesarios para esta transición y el rol de la minería urbana.

This Final Degree Project (TFG) aims to analyze what conditions a classroom must meet to guarantee good air quality without compromising its functionality, as well as optimizing its energy efficiency. Research is conducted on concepts such as indoor air quality (IAQ), ventilation, particle transmission, etc., to contribute to architectural knowledge and study the feasibility of bioclimatic proposals. The structure of this work is organized as follows: first, key concepts are presented; second, the methodology used is presented; third, a diagnosis of the case study is made; and fourth, a pilot test is proposed as a response to the previous study. Finally, the conclusions are presented from the results and methodology used.

This research project addresses the creation of a productive green network in La Pau, Barcelona, to integrate urban food production, promote agricultural education, and encourage community participation. Without aiming for full food sovereignty, it proposes to revive urban agricultural practices and create green refuges to mitigate urban heat. The goal is to raise awareness about responsible consumption and efficiently manage food surpluses. Trials in two interstitial spaces will assess the feasibility of the proposal, considering factors such as temperature reduction and soil fertility.

La investigación presentada en este trabajo busca dar respuesta al rediseño y la regeneración del paisaje urbano a través de medidas no convencionales, denominadas arquitectura bioclimática, como lo es ‘el atrio'. El estudio empieza por analizar el estado actual del parque residencial a nivel nacional e identificar los retos necesarios para prevenir posibles escenarios catastróficos en el futuro debido al calentamiento global. Se pretende contribuir al debate de la toma de decisiones fomentando nuevas prácticas de rehabilitación basadas en la tipología del atrio para la regeneración urbana y alcanzar la descarbonización de la sociedad a través de la transformación del entorno construido. Con este fin, se realiza un estudio del desarrollo y el diseño del atrio: Las influencias y su evolución, las principales funciones del atrio y los criterios de su diseño. Se redacta un catálogo de posibles estrategias y técnicas para su implementación en el tejido urbano existente y se justifica como posible solución. Finalmente, se analiza el caso de estudio del polígono residencial del barrio de La Pau, en Barcelona, un ámbito de trabajo con potencial de cambio. A través del análisis de uno de los bloques del ámbito de estudio, se sugieren diversas estrategias y se diseña el proyecto de transformación mediante la implementación del atrio. A tal efecto, se evalúan los costes y beneficios del proyecto de la cubrición del espacio entre dos bloques de viviendas con el objetivo de demostrar que esta estrategia se puede replicar al resto de bloques que conforman el ámbito de La Pau, y en entornos que compartan las mismas características. En definitiva, este trabajo sirve de herramienta de validación del atrio como estrategia. El objetivo es presentar las virtudes que ofrece el atrio, validar su aplicabilidad en la trama urbana y determinar los criterios de su diseño, para que pueda desarrollarse en un proyecto arquitectónico. En este caso, este trabajo sirve para complementar a mi proyecto de fin de carrera (PFC).

When planning the rehabilitation of a building, various factors can be considered. In the current context, heavily impacted by climate change and the rising costs of fossil fuels, most projects aim to achieve material and energy improvements in housing to reduce its environmental impact. These processes require substantial investments and are difficult for the population to bear, especially in the most vulnerable areas. In Barcelona, housing developments built between the 1950s and 1960s accommodate a significant portion of this population. The deterioration of the buildings and the constant rise in energy prices force households to incur excessive costs to achieve comfortable temperatures, placing them on the threshold of energy vulnerability. Through the analysis of nine interviews with representatives of rehabilitation projects and situations of energy vulnerability, this study investigates the implications of user involvement in the main stages of the project, analyses the consequences of this approach regarding its replicability, and examines the main challenges faced by different proposals. It also suggests new aspects to consider when intervening in vulnerable environments. Finally, the findings from the research are applied to the case study: the rehabilitation of a housing block in la Pau neighbourhood.

Construction sector is one of the main CO/2 emitters on the planet, becoming responsible for almost 10Gt of CO/2e each year. This TFG is the beginning of a study towards a more sustainable way of projecting, trying to understand the processes and materials and their environmental impact, in order to reach design ideas that reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of my future projects. To do this, a practical case will be studied in order to compare different processes and materials, and to understand in this way what are the activities that really increase the carbon footprint in the works, thus leaving behind the clichés and modes that speak of sustainability, and basing these design ideas on rigorous data and studies. The study of this work will be carried out through a small-scale educative project, which helps us to understand many of the circumstances that occur in the works, while analyzing the data available through the data banks that are used in the sector to verify its veracity and analyze what are the limits of the system currently used and what would be the steps to follow in order to get deeper on the study of the environmental impact.

This thesis (TFG) deals with the energy rehabilitation of a block of flats used as a guiding thread and tool the Building Renovation Passport (BRP). The study investigates energetic, social, economic and design concepts, to collaborate in architectural knowledge and study the feasibility of the Building Renovation Passport regulation. In the social part of the study, an analysis has been done on the vulnerable situation and energy poverty that the inhabitants of the buildings experience to reduce energy consumption costs. The structure of this thesis is organised as follows: an introduction where the key concepts are explained; in the second chapter, the methodology is presented; third, a diagnosis of the case at hand; fourth, a road map for the rehabilitation in response to the energy passport demand; and, fifthly, an economic assessment taking into account the inhabitant of the buildings for this case. Finally, conclusions are drawn on the viability of the energy passport the results obtained and the methodology used.

Although the currently built homes meet minimum standards in their thermal behavior, the existing, aged built park does not meet these requirements, generating excessive energy consumption demands that result in situations of vulnerability, energy poverty and health problems among its inhabitants. This vulnerability is aggravated by the rise in energy prices and climate change, which intensifies extreme weather phenomena, decreases biodiversity and affects human health. In this context, the rehabilitation of the built-up park is essential to ensure minimum conditions and that households do not damage users, and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with household energy consumption. This rehabilitation is particularly important in environments with vulnerable groups, which are most affected by these problems. Current energy rehabilitation interventions focus mainly on the installation of thermal insulation, the change of carpentry and the adoption of solar technologies. Despite improving the thermal behavior of buildings and reducing energy costs, these strategies may not be optimal for the most vulnerable groups, as they do not fully take advantage of the potential of the environment, and technologies such as solar panels have a limited lifespan. To address this problem, this research work proposes identifying priority areas of intervention with vulnerability indicators, prioritizing those environments most affected by energy poverty and less able to adapt to climate change motu proprio. In addition, it proposes the study of bioclimatic solutions as a complement to conventional rehabilitations to determine their suitability according to the climate conditions of Palma and the urban and building configuration of each case study. This research assesses the potential and limitations of each applicable bioclimatic solution in each specific context. Through this analysis we have been able to determine how these solutions can contribute to reducing the ener

This research proposes to address the rehabilitation of the building stock by identifying priority areas for intervention under multivariate indicators of residential vulnerability and habitability conditions. This is because these areas are those that suffer, or are more likely to suffer, from energy poverty and, therefore, represent the groups most exposed to climate change. In addition, the use of these indicators has allowed us to add the variable of state of conservation and habitability conditions of the buildings, thus not only detecting areas with socio-economic needs but also identifying areas where the need for rehabilitation of buildings is more pressing and, therefore, constitute areas of opportunity for the implementation of bioclimatic solutions. Consequently, this research proposes the study of the different bioclimatic solutions and their technical requirements in order to determine the degree of applicability and suitability of each one of them based on the climatic conditions of Barcelona and the spatial configuration of the urban and building context of the study area. Finally, this study examines the potential and limitations of implementation in the study area of the bioclimatic solutions identified as applicable and suitable for this context. Thanks to this analysis, it has been possible to determine the impact of these solutions on the reduction of the energy needs of dwellings, as well as on the reduction of the economic effort of households in terms of energy supply.

En estos tiempos, la humanidad se encuentra frente a dos desafíos cruciales: el aumento de la población con una clara inclinación hacia la urbanización y el cambio climático. Las instituciones educativas, como las escuelas, juegan un papel fundamental en nuestra sociedad. Durante la etapa comprendida entre los 6 y los 18 años, los niños pasan hasta 8 horas al día en las aulas. Es aquí cuando podemos hablar de la calidad del aire y confort térmico en las escuelas como tema prioritario a tratar ya que en edificaciones de esta tipología se concentran los mayores niveles de CO2 en el aire debido a que conforman entre una tercera y cuarta parte más de densidad de población que la comprendida en los edificios comerciales o residenciales De acuerdo con lo informado por la OMS, la calidad de aire deficiente ha causado 4,2 millones de muertes en el año 2016 causando enfermedades respiratorias en un 26%, el 17% debido a accidentes cerebrovasculares, y un 25% a EPOC. Surge evidente que la alta concentración de componentes nocivos en el aire interior suele ser de 2 a 4 veces más respecto a los presentes en el aire exterior La tesina de máster surge a partir de un trabajo de investigación previo realizado sobre la Calidad del aire interior en las Universidades respaldado dentro del marco de la campaña QAire UPC, como una acción realizada en Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya para hacer frente a la pandemia del COVID-19. La importancia del desarrollo de este trabajo es el análisis completo de los componentes ambientales presentes en el aire interior (CO2, NO2, PM2.5, PM10) dadas en espacios condicionados por una temperatura y humedad relativa interior y exterior, y la incidencia de la ventilación tanto para la calidad del aire interior (CAI) como para el confort térmico interior (CTI) de los edificios de enseñanza. Concretamente en edificios de educación primaria, dado que esta franja de edad del alumnado es más sensible a estos componentes y tiene mayor impacto en su organismo y por ende en su salud. Trabajos sobre CO2, ventilación en escuela han sido y son altamente tratados, pero cada vez toman más presencia estudio que incorporan el análisis y medición de otros componentes del aire interior más allá del CO2, algunos se centran en los PM, pero menos incluyen el NO2. Hasta el presente se registran un reducido número de estudios que incorporen un análisis de calidad del aire más allá del CO2. La metodología desarrollada se aplica en un caso de estudio en el Centro de Enseñanza Infantil y Primaria CARLIT. Este edificio ha sido escogido por su singularidad arquitectónica, su predominancia de distribución en altura, como su posicionamiento opuesto de orientaciones como características constructivas hacían un caso de especial valor para medir los diferentes valores de calidad del aire en función de la posición de las diferentes aulas de primaria. Se realizaron mediciones a lo largo de una jornada de clases durante el invierno a inicios del mes de febrero, coincidiendo con un período de temperaturas registradas especialmente bajas, de una mínima de 14ºC (MERRA-2 Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis de NASA), obteniendo datos sobre dióxido de carbono (CO2), dióxido de nitrógeno (NO2), partículas sólidas 2.5 y 10 (PM2.5 Y PM10), temperatura y humedad relativa tanto en interior como en el exterior del edificio. Uno de los resultados obtenidos más relevantes fueron que la ubicación del aula en relación con la fuente de emisión es uno de los factores clave que influyen en los niveles de NO2. Se observó que las aulas cercanas a las vías de tráfico vehicular presentaban los niveles más elevados de dióxido de nitrógeno debido a que el aire interior entra en contacto con el ambiente exterior de la calle, lo que afecta negativamente la calidad del aire en el interior. Además, se encontró que las concentraciones de NO₂ aumentan cuando la temperatura exterior es más alta. Por otro lado, a pesar de los valores de N02 o PM registrados en el exterior, se ha estimado que la ventilación natural continúa siendo una estrategia de diseño óptima para este tipo de centros. y que contribuye a mejorar los componentes del aire. Una problemática visible observada durante el invierno fue la necesidad de calentar el interior. En estos casos, comúnmente los espacios reducen los niveles de ventilación natural con el objetivo de mejorar el comportamiento energético, aspecto que conlleva a tener valores significativos de CO2 como consecuencia de la ventilación inadecuada. En relación con la ventilación, se ha comprobado que cuanto mayor sea el intercambio de aire con el exterior, mientras este se encuentre limpio, menores serán los contaminantes que ingresen al interior del edificio. La ventilación juega un papel importante en la presencia de niveles altos de PM2.5 y PM10 en el edificio, siempre y cuando la calidad del aire en el exterior inmediato sea apta. Por lo tanto, debe considerarse como un parámetro clave a la hora de establecer las nuevas pautas de diseño de los sistemas de ventilación de los edificios tanto en obra nueva como en rehabilitación. Por último, se mostró como de importante es establecer un buen sistema de ventilación en relación con los componentes interiores, pero también los exteriores, los cuales impactan directamente en la decisión arquitectónica final sobre si el sistema de ventilación puede ser natural o debe ser mecánico, para todo el edificio o parte de el en función de la relación con el nivel de la calle. Pero también a nivel arquitectónico en cuanto a un diseño de edificio que permita ventilación cruzada individual por aula, o una ratio de m2 de superficie de abertura.

This Final Thesis deals with a study and analysis of the situation of vulnerability and energy poverty in the marginal neighbourhoods of Palma de Mallorca, by means of a rehabilitation proposal to reduce energy consumption costs. This is a topic of growing relevance in both the architectural and social spheres. In a context where families cannot afford the costs which their own homes generate, this research focuses on studying a passive bioclimatic strategy with the aim of generating an architectural proposal which is viable in order to obtain a series of subsidies promoted by the government. Through an analysis of different studies, energy, economic, social and design aspects are explored, with the aim of contributing to architectural knowledge by addressing a bioclimatic alternative to conventional energy rehabilitation. The structure of this work is organised as follows: a first section, where the current literature is reviewed to contextualise the situation of vulnerability and energy poverty in Palma; in the second part, the methodology used to carry out the study of the system chosen to materialise an architectural proposal is presented; thirdly, the economic and environmental viability of the proposal is discussed and analysed; and finally, conclusions are drawn in comparison to a conventional proposal and possible directions for future actions are pointed out. This Bachelor's Thesis seeks not only to offer a significant contribution to the field of architecture but also to provide practical value for a community at risk of social exclusion.

Ecological architecture is a known branch of sustainable practice & design, aiming to minimize the environmental impact of architecture using principles that respond to the local climate (Heinz Frick (2007). Ecological urbanism practices aim to imitate ecosystems in the city and integrate it as opposed to intrinsically supporting the ecological systems. Both fields use principles such as renewable resources, minimizing waste, energy consumption, and use of locally sourced materials. However, it is known that ecological design or “sustainable design” can be more prevalent in privileged contexts and seen as an attainable design style rather than an instinctive design approach designed for the community. Consequently, leaving vulnerable contexts behind in the discourse of its design & research, and raising a need to address the accessibility of vulnerable communities to ecological design and the resources necessary to implement and assess it. Hence, the aim of this thesis is to bridge the gap and provide a hybrid methodology, and tools to serve as a guideline for implementing ecological design in vulnerable contexts throughout different domains: Urban, socioeconomic and architectural. This is addressed by intersecting different definitions of vulnerability relating to low socio-economic status, environmental challenges, and with contextual parameters rooted in affinity, accessibility and risk to resources and the built environment, in order to provide a global overview of vulnerability, then contextualizing vulnerability in the case study of La Pau, Barcelona, to synthesize a vulnerability assessment tool, measures and strategies to reduce vulnerability as well as create a future framework for different vulnerable contexts throughout the world.

This graduation thesis starts from the topic of collective living as a common thread from the beginning to the end. This motivation arises from the knowledge of the lack of affordable housing in the Vallvidrera neighborhood in Barcelona, and from the detection of opportunity in a particular building: Casa Buenos Aires. The aim of the thesis is to generate an own methodology based on a theoretical basis that can serve as a model for implementation in future projects with similar characteristics. Firstly, this theoretical basis has been developed on the history of collective living and its components, starting from different bibliographical and architectural references, both contemporary and historical. In the second part of the thesis, the methodology based on the theoretical base already elaborated is developed. This section is of great relevance since it is where the author contributes with her own point of view, generating graphic documentation to accompany the ideas presented. Finally, the thesis ends with a section of conclusions, where the author gives her own opinion and assessment and shows her personal position regarding the topic of the analysis.

This work focuses on decarbonization strategies in the construction and rehabilitation field, specifically on the opportunity offered by building renovation passports, as part of the requirements imposed by the European Union on its member states to ensure EU decarbonization objectives. The main objective is to develop a methodology that allows for the implementation of renovation passports in a specific case study. Understanding the aspects to consider when planning energy rehabilitation is crucial. Recognizing that a university campus is an ideal scenario to simulate a “city” strategy, it becomes an ideal case study to evaluate how the building renovation passport could be implemented. Using the UPC university campus as the object of study, the intention is to conduct diagnoses at different scales (campus, building typology) based on three sources of information: • Energy certificates • Real energy consumption data • Building comfort conditions Based on this information, a methodology is defined to diagnose the building's (or group of buildings') state and determine the necessary actions to be carried out, enabling the definition of a strategic plan. The thesis will be completed by implementing a detailed plan of the necessary interventions to achieve energy neutrality in a pilot building, which will be presented during the defense. Additionally, a possible planning for the entire campus will be included. It is important to note that this thesis is envisioned as an ongoing work, starting with an initial approach and carried out on a specific set of buildings. However, the limitations are acknowledged, and the need to address and improve identified aspects for future work is proposed.

The origin of cities and sedentarization are the result of the discovery of agriculture and animal husbandry, which caused the transition from nomadic life, which was the key to human evolution, or, on the contrary, was responsible for its decline. This study explores the ideas/concepts of cities and housing from anarchist architects, urban planners and historians, analyzing their vision, historical or theoretical communities and delving into three scales: urban, neighborhood/community and dwelling. Subsequently, an intensive study of five communities that could potentially be considered part of this anarchist architecture and philosophy is carried out, with the aim of defining strategies for the application of these ideas in today's society, and unraveling the architectural, socio-economic and physical-mental consequences of such application.

“Aprenem jugant?” nace de la inquietud derivada del bajo grado de interés que actualmente destinamos a los espacios de juego para niñas y niños. ¿Es la ciudad un entorno donde educar? ¿Cómo y qué deben enseñar las áreas infantiles? ¿La niña o el niño deben formar parte del proceso creativo? La metodología del trabajo consiste en la búsqueda, el análisis y la propuesta de un caso de estudio, analizado desde una mirada arquitectónica centrada en el tiempo libre, o educación no formal, y localizado en el espacio público.