APRÈN. Portal de la producció docent del professorat de la UPC

With a particular focus on the ABB Ability OPTIMAX system, this thesis studies opportunities for energy optimization at Helsingborgs Port by integrating battery storage systems, electrified container handling equip- ments and cutting-edge energy management technology. The goal of the study is to explore various scenarios of electrification that will help the port achieve its sustainability objectives while lowering energy costs, controlling peak demand, and improving operational effectiveness. Many energy management scenarios were examined through a series of simulations, showing great potential for cost reductions and peak demand reduction and its associated costs. According to the findings, battery operations that are optimized can save energy expenses by as much as 9%, which translates into significant cost savings considering high energy consumptions in the port. Furthermore, it was shown that using battery storage strategically might cut peak power consumption by about 24%, which would lessen reliance on the grid and the related expenses. Apart from reducing expenses, the research also pinpoints possibilities to earn extra income by selling surplus energy to the grid and engaging in ancillary services like capacity and frequency containment reserves (FCR). These markets present additional revenue opportunities and establish Helsingborgs Port as a reliable source of energy while also contributing to system stability. The benefits of efficient energy management for the environment are also highlighted by the research, including significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions through reduced dependency on fossil fuels. These results are in line with the European Union's directives to cut emissions and encourage sustainable energy use. The results of this thesis offer Helsingborgs Port a roadmap for strategic choices and investments in the future as it transitions to full electrification and increased integration of renewable energy sources. According to the study's findings, Helsingborgs Port may achieve significant operational, environmental, and economic rewards by using cutting- edge energy management systems and carefully plan ahead. This would further solidify the port's position as a leader in sustainable port operations. Overall, this research underscores the critical role of energy optimization in modern port operations and high- lights the potential for ports to contribute to broader energy system stability and environmental sustainability while achieving financial gains.

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is a primary source of Methane (CH4) emissions. Over a 100year period, this Greenhouse Gas(GHG)hasaGlobalWarmingPotential(GWP)28to34times that of Carbon Dioxide (CO2). However, within a 20-year period, the GWP increases to 84 to 86 timesthatofCO2. In2020,globalwasteproductionreached2.59billiontonnes. Forecastspredict this figure will increase to 3.88 billion tonnes by 2050, representing a 73% increase. Abating the anthropogenic CH4 emissions associated with MSW, in the short term, is central to mitigating climate change and limiting global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels Managing the foreseeable increase in voluminous amounts of waste is a growing concern for cities. Waste-to-Energy (WtE) provides a pathway to harnessing the available energy in municipal solid waste. Waste incinerators, referred to as WtE facilities, thermally treat waste by combusting it and extracting its energy. However, this practice emits CO2. Post-combustion Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) technology can prevent the CO2 in power plants' f lue gases from reaching the atmosphere. However, CCS technology incurs an energy penalty on the overall power system. This study assesses the viability of implementing an alternative CCS technology based on the Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC). When fed with a hydrocarbon, such as biomethane, the fuel cell electrochemically concentrates a dilute gas stream, producing a CO2-rich exhaust gas whilst simultaneously generating power. The MCFC can power a cryogenic distillation process that separates and liquefies the concentrated CO2 from the gaseous mixture exiting its anode. In addition, this study explores the integration of a biogas-to-biomethane upgrading plant to power the MCFC. The proposed system captures the CO2 from a WtE facility with a MCFC powered by biomethane derived from the anaerobic digestion of organic waste. Considering the biogenic fraction of theCO2 fromtheWtEincinerator'sfluegasesandthefactthatallCO2 inbiogasisbiogenic, capturing both CO2 streams creates a dual pathway for Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) via Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS). However, the study shows that the system is not economically viable as policy supporting negative emissions is lacking, and the technologyisnotmatureenough. Thispapersuggestsfurtherresearchontheproposedsystem, as validating its climate mitigation potential could stimulate CDRs within the WtE sector.

The transition towards carbon neutrality in the Nordic Power System (NPS) by 2035/40 intensifies the integration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES), especially wind and solar power. This change introduces significant challenges in maintaining the balance between electricity demand and generation, impacting grid frequency stability, a critical parameter that indicates the reliability of the power system. Despite extensive research on RES integration, there is a lack of studies examining the direct impact of weather conditions on grid frequency and frequency containment reserve (FCR) activation in the NPS. This study investigates how weather phenomena can influence grid frequency stability and the activation of FCR, aiming to model these relationships using statistical algorithms. A literature review explored the theoretical background of NPS frequency control services, weather-dependent generation sources, prominent weather parameters, and existing statistical modelling approaches. The review identified wind speed and air temperature as crucial weather parameters in the NPS influencing generation variability and demand fluctuations. Besides, the research suggested the need for advanced models to capture complex, nonlinear relationships between these weather variables and grid frequency. A dual-phase analysis was involved in the methodology, utilising historical data from 2017 to 2022. Long-term analysis involved collecting and preparing datasets on grid frequency, wind speed, and air temperature, ensuring data quality through synchronisation, cleaning, and handling missing values. The methodology combined descriptive statistical measures, exploratory data analysis (EDA), and time-series modelling using AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average with eXogenous variables and Seasonal AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average with eXogenous variables (ARIMAX/SARIMAX) within the Box-Jenkins framework. In the short-term analysis, Non-Deterministic Frequency Deviations (NDFDs) from 2022 were focused on utilising high-resolution data to capture disturbance events. Criteria for disturbances were defined, and key frequency quality indicators such as the Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF) were calculated. Reliability analysis was conducted by calculating the Time to Failure (TTF) and Mean Time Between Disturbances (MTBD), allowing for the assessment of the grid's resilience during different seasons and Frequency Containment Reserve for Disturbance (FCR-D) activation. Throughout both phases, various probability distribution functions were fitted to the frequency deviation data, with the Johnson SU distribution emerging as the best fit. This distribution effectively captured the skewness and heavy tails observed. The study shows that extreme weather conditions, especially during winter, cause increased frequency deviations and frequent FCR-D activations, indicating that traditional time-series models are insufficient for forecasting. The results emphasise the need for advanced modelling methods, real-time monitoring, and adaptive frequency control strategies due to the variability caused by RES integration. This research provides practical options for maintaining grid reliability and stability in the evolving energy context of the NPS.

This study conducts a life cycle assessment (LCA) of maritime battery systems, focusing on the global warming potential (GWP) impacts of EST-Floattech's 1.8MWh containerized battery system across various scenarios. The research highlights that battery cell production is the primary contributor to manufacturing GWP, driven by energy-intensive processes and raw ma- terial extraction, with total impacts estimated at 235 mto CO2 eq. The study underscores the need for frequent updates to LCA databases due to rapid advancements in battery technology, revealing significant discrepancies between state-of-the-art data and existing LCA values. The study also shows that the operational impacts vary significantly based on geographical and temporal factors, with low-carbon grids and renewable energy sources drastically reducing GWP. Comparisons with conventional diesel power show that maritime battery systems achieve a lower carbon footprint within a few years, with greater benefits from increased usage intensity. End-of-life strategies, particularly second-life applications and advanced recycling techniques like hydrometallurgy, significantly mitigate GWP impacts. Overall, this research provides crit- ical insights into the environmental implications of maritime battery systems, offering guidance for sustainable maritime electrification.

Ammonia is considered one of the most essential chemicals in applications like agriculture, energy storage, and industry. However, its conventional manufac- turing process is still highly carbon-intensive due to hydrogen feedstocks from fossil sources. This research focuses on the Haber-Bosch process for ammonia production combined in an integrated process with green hydrogen generation by alkaline elec- trolysis. The process flowsheet was designed and simulated using Aspen Plus. It in- corporated important components like pumps, compressors, heat exchangers, sep- arators, reactors, and custom models to make it clear and efficient. There were two important custom blocks defined in the presented flowsheet. The Electrol block simulates hydrogen production by an alkaline electrolyzer stack, containing gas sep- arators, coolers, and an absorber unit for hydrogen purification. The Synth block involves ammonia synthesis with mixers, heaters, and plug flow reactors, where hy- drogen and nitrogen react to ammonia. Recycling loops containing unreacted gases were used to enhance resource efficiency and to improve the system's performance. The simulation achieved nitrogen-to-ammonia single-pass conversion rates be- tween 12% and 15%, aligning with industrial benchmarks. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to investigate operating conditions that maximize ammonia yield. The carbon-neutral process, assumed to integrate hydro- gen production driven by renewable energy sources, will greatly reduce the environ- mental impact compared to traditional methods. This presents the potential for a sustainable and scalable pathway for ammonia production, which could support decarbonization in the chemical sector and the development of the hy- drogen economy.

Datacenters are increasing in number and size continuously as a result of escalating use of internet and data across all sectors. A major share of the power used to power the IT equipment is converted into heat energy that needs to be removed from the datacenter to maintain ambient conditions inside required for the healthy functioning of the IT servers. Different methods of cooling have been used in datacenters to efficiently remove excess heat inside. There are many studies conducted in datacenter cooling systems to increase the Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) of the datacenter which acts as a measure of how effectively energy is used by the datacenter. In this project, an absorption chiller datacenter cooling system integrated with solar thermal collectors is studied to learn about its feasibility for five locations and to check how it compares with a free cooling electrical chiller system. The coefficient of performance of an absorption chiller is low compared to that of an electrical chiller but it does not require a compressor unlike electrical chiller systems. Moreover, the feasibility of integrating solar thermal collectors to assist the absorption chiller is studied for five locations across the globe. The absorption chiller system is compared with the free cooling system in terms of electrical consumption, cost and PUE. Kuwait City is the best location out of the five selected cities for the installation of an absorption chiller cooling system because of the availability of solar irradiation throughout the year and a fossil dominant electricity mix. This gives considerable reduction in the emissions compared to an electrical chiller-based system. Even though the PUE of the free cooling-system is lower than an absorption chiller system operated by electricity and solar thermal energy, by replacing of a portion of the electrical heating demand required by the storage tank with a renewable thermal source will reduce the PUE of the absorption chiller system equivalent to a free cooling system or even lower. However, the cost of the absorption chiller system will be at least 4 times higher than that of the free cooling system. The designed system, if integrated with renewable energy-based heating can contribute to sustainable datacenter cooling and can help improve the PUE of the datacenter along with reduction in emissions.

This thesis presents a comprehensive assessment of the environmental impacts associated with the Dutch electricity system, focusing on integrating innovative electrostatic energy harvesting technology, E-Box, developed by iON-ENERGY. The E-Box is a novel residen- tial electricity-generating device designed to harness electrostatic energy from atmospheric ions. This study utilizes traditional Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Dynamic Life Cycle Assessment (DLCA) methodologies to evaluate the environmental performance of electricity generation sources over their entire life cycle, from raw material extraction to disposal. The DLCA approach is evaluated over four scenarios assessing different electricity mixes to capture the temporal variations of the environmental impacts over time. The detailed Life Cycle Inventories (LCIs) were developed for the electricity generation sources used in the Netherlands, including natural gas, coal, nuclear, wind, solar PV, biomass, and hydroelectric power. An LCI was also developed for the E-Box to assess its potential contribution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing energy sustainability in residential settings. The study further explores multiple scenarios, including current and projected energy mixes for 2030, both with and without the integration of The Box. The results indicate that integrating E-Box into the Dutch electricity mix offers significant environmental benefits, particularly in reducing the greenhouse gas potential by 48.86% and fossil fuel scarcity by 34.95%. The DLCA findings highlight the importance of considering temporal dynamics in LCA studies, as they reveal critical periods where the E-Box can most effectively contribute to environmental sustainability while adding to the marketability of the novel electricity generating device.

This report explores the potential of using carbon finance mechanisms to scale up clean cooking businesses in developing countries. In particular, the study investigates the possibility of including the sales of carbon credits on the voluntary market, to scale up a business of gasifier cookstoves in Nampula Province, Mozambique. The research gap addressed is the need for studies linking carbon finance with advanced cooking technologies. Key objectives include assessing the current research landscape on carbon finance in clean cooking, establishing baseline emissions from traditional cooking methods, evaluating methodologies for emission reduction accounting, and examining the feasibility of scaling up businesses through carbon finance mechanisms. This thesis has been performed in the following steps: systematic literature review, in-person interviews, GHG accounting, techno-economic analysis, and financing mechanisms. Literature review findings reveal gasifier cookstoves as a promising solution due to their sustainability and integration ease, over other improved and advanced technologies. Furthermore, it shows how carbon finance offers avenues to mitigate upfront costs and create revenue streams, though challenges such as market volatility persist. The results of the on-site survey underscore the urgent need for cleaner alternatives, with significant environmental and economic impacts identified. A robust methodology from Gold Standard is applied for accurate emission reduction calculations of the case study. Economic scenario analysis indicates promising returns with a significant number of active stoves, highlighting the importance of scalability and market dynamics. The report concludes with recommendations for future research, including the exploration of biochar carbon credits and expanding data collection efforts.

Small rural communities in Colombia, especially indigenous ones, could face significant challenges in achieving self-sufficiency and sustainability. Developing systems that enable these communities to manage their resources independently from the national grid could be beneficial both economically and in terms of energy sovereignty. This study models a system from the CLEWs (Climate, Land, Energy, and Water systems) perspective for the indigenous community Rioblanco in Colombia, seeking sustainable independence. Using the OSeMOSYS tool, complemented by QGIS and GeoCLEWs for geospatial data inputs, the current trends (Business as usual) and two scenarios aligned with Colombia's National Energy Plan 2050 were evaluated. The results indicate that energy independence for the community is economically feasible through the adoption of renewable energy sources. Although CO2 emissions are not a pressing concern due to the community's role as a carbon sink, the transition to local renewable electricity generation presents significant economic benefits, including a more than 50% reduction in electricity costs by 2050. The DISRUPTION scenario emerges as the most sustainable, featuring decreasing carbon emissions, efficient water use, and significant socioeconomic benefits. While the current model does not account for livestock activities or possible future water stress, these factors are essential for future research to provide a more comprehensive understanding of land-use conflicts and strategies for sustainable resource management.

This thesis explores the feasibility of integrating variable renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, with existing hydropower plants in Sweden. An optimisation model was created to maximise the economic value of hybrid renewable energy systems by efficiently managing the scheduling of hydropower and reducing excess wind and solar power production when necessary. The model was utilised to examine the advantages of hybridisation in three case studies of Swedish hydropower plants, including both run-of-river and reservoir-based systems. The findings demonstrate that co-locating wind and solar power with both run-of-river and reservoir- based hydropower plants in Sweden has significant potential for increasing renewable energy production and utilise grid connection points to a higher degree. By optimising the installation sizes of wind and solar power and the operations of a hydropower plant, it is possible to maximise the economic benefit of co- located installations and avoid the need for curtailment. The study showed that hydropower characteristics such as capacity factor, reservoir size, and water permits impact the hydropower plant's ability to accommodate wind and solar production. The optimisation model indicated increased energy output, revenue, and decreased levelized cost of electricity in all scenarios. Finally, hydropower operations can be adjusted without decreasing their ability to respond to changes in electricity market prices.

The main objective of the present training plan is to evaluate the metal requirements for achieving the energy transitions in Spain and metal waste produced when it achieves end-of-life and must be replaced. The chosen renewable technologies were solar photovoltaic, wind power, and light-duty electric vehicle batteries. The metals included in the analysis will be selected considering their level of criticality. The study will be focused on Spain and the metals demand will be calculated from the renewable energy transition objectives established in the Plan Nacional Integrado de Energía y Clima (PNIEC) by 2030 and estimations for 2050. Additionally, different scenarios of recycling metal rates and equipment lifespan were assessed for obtaining an evaluation of material circularity.

With the rapid rise of laptops, smartphones, and artificial intelligence, there has been limited attention paid to their environmental impact. This thesis presents a framework developed after extensive research into the green software domain, aimed at helping corporations with emissions accounting and reporting, while adhering to the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) and similar policies. The core metric adopted within the framework is Software Carbon Intensity (SCI), which is measured through system utilization parameters. These parameters are calibrated using two benchmarking tools, Running Average Power Limit (RAPL) and Performance Counter Monitor (PCM). Two case studies were conducted to demonstrate the framework's practical application. In the first case, representing the software development stage, emissions of approximately 330 gCO2eq were generated during typical office hours from 09:00 to 18:30, which extrapolates to 9.87 kgCO2eq per developer per sprint. The second case study, focused on software usage, recorded emissions ranging from 0.054 gCO2eq to 2.73 gCO2eq per run, depending on the location of execution and the method of carbon intensity data aggregation. A reporting method using candlestick charts is also introduced, providing companies a useful tool for Scope emissions accounting.

The study presented in this thesis focuses on the downscaling of the Planetary Boundaries (PB) framework to the national context of Spain. By integrating the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) methodology with the PB framework, the research provides a quantitative assessment of Spain's environmental footprints across various PB-related environmental domains. The study explores the application of LCIA-based PBs to assess the performance of Spain's environmental impacts in areas such as climate change, freshwater use, and land-system change. Through a detailed Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Spain's national limits are derived based on global PB thresholds, allowing for a comparison between Spain's current environmental impacts and the safe operating limits established by the PB framework. However, the results are subject to a level of uncertainty due to the intrinsic limitations of LCIA modeling and the estimation of LCIA-based PBs. These uncertainties arise from data variability, methodological choices, and the difficulty of mapping global PB thresholds to specific LCIA metrics. Furthermore, the adaptation of global ecological limits to national contexts introduces additional challenges, particularly in defining appropriate control variables for processes that exhibit regional variability. Despite these uncertainties, the study highlights critical areas where Spain is transgressing its safe operating space, particularly in the PBs related to human toxicity and particulate matter, as well as the GHG emissions limit in the Climate Change PB. The research emphasizes the importance of addressing these environmental impacts at the national policy level and provides recommendations for aligning Spain's sustainability strategies with the PB framework to ensure long-term environmental resilience.

One of the distinctive features of organic solar cells is the ability to selectively ab- sorb light within specific wavelength ranges. For that reason they can be designed to mainly absorb light outside the visible spectrum, while simultaneously transmit- ting visible wavelengths. This ability makes them a perfect fit for semi-transparent applications such as tinted windows and agrivoltaics. In agrivoltaic applications, it is important to reach a sufficient transparency level, in order to minimize negative effects on plant growth. This transparency can be quantified by the growth factor, which represents the weighted percentage of light transmitted through the cell, based on the wavelengths that are most relevant for plant growth. While the requirements vary for different plant species, a minimum growth factor of 60 % is recommended to support the growth of a variety of plants, for example, basil. The main goal of this work is to evaluate materials and develop a stack configuration that can reach this targeted growth factor. In this process several absorber materials were analyzed for their compatibility to achieve such a high growth factor. Afterwards stack configurations were developed using the best suited blend, PV-X Plus, as the absorber material. The main feature of these stacks is the back electrode that was designed to maximize the reflection of near-infrared (NIR) light back into the absorber material, while transmitting visible light. This was done using several layers of metal oxides and other materials to form a dielectric Bragg reflector (DBR). The layer thicknesses for each material were optimized using the transfer-matrix method (TMM) in a Python-based code, to maximize the growth factor. The results of the simulations were then experimentally recreated. As a result a growth factor of G = 61.6 % and a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.5 % were experimentally achieved. The study demonstrates the potential to use semi-transparent organic solar cells for agrivoltaic applications. It also indi- cates, that the most limiting factor, to further improve the transparency and power conversion efficiency, remains the absorber material.

Despite the increasing prevalence of electric vehicles (EVs) in the transportation sector, heavyduty trucks predominantly rely on combustion engines due to limitations in battery capacity and charging speed. Consequently, significant carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions persist from this sector. While efforts have been directed towards extending the range of EVs and enhancing battery technology to electrify transport and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, studies addressing the reduction of carbon emissions from combustion engine trucks remain scarce. This thesis addresses this gap by focusing on the primary design and techno-economic assessment of storage and transport systems for CO2 captured from 13 and 16-liter diesel and methane engines using Mobile Carbon Capture (MCC) devices. MCC involves separating CO2 emissions from the engine exhaust of vehicles for disposal or further usage. The project's objective is to achieve a 90 percent CO2 capture rate, and all onboard CO2 transport and storage components, such as reciprocating compressors, active chillers, and CO2 storage tanks, are calculated and designed based on this capture rate. By conducting a comprehensive analysis, this study aims to provide insights into the technical and economic feasibility of an on-board CO2 liquefaction and storage system, which can be used to evaluate the viability of implementing CO2 capture and storage systems in heavy-duty combustion engine trucks. The study shows that integrating MCC systems into heavy-duty vehicles is technically feasible and economically viable, providing a potential pathway to significantly reduce CO2 emissions in the transportation sector. This solution aligns with global efforts to mitigate climate change and offers a practical approach to decarbonize the traditional transport sector.

This thesis investigates the feasibility of integrating renewable energy sources (RES) and storage technologies to meet the future energy demands of urban environments, focusing on Barcelona and Los Angeles as case studies. With a growing imperative to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance energy security, the transition to sustainable energy systems is critical. The study begins by assessing the anticipated surge in electricity demand driven by the electrification of vehicular fleets in both cities. Using the HyDesign tool and Correlations in Renewable Energy Sources (CorRES), optimal locations for solar PV and wind power installations are identified based on local climatic conditions and historical data. The analysis highlights the pivotal role of storage technologies, including battery energy storage systems (BESS) and hydrogen underground storage, in mitigating the intermittency of renewable sources and ensuring grid stability. Techno-economic optimization techniques are employed to determine the optimal sizing of RES and storage systems, considering factors such as capital expenditures, operational costs, and lifecycle assessments over a 25-year period. Environmental impact assessments reveal significant reductions in carbon emissions achievable through the transition from fossil fuel vehicles to electric variants and the increased deployment of renewable energy technologies. Despite these advancements, challenges in grid integration and storage efficiency persist, necessitating further research and policy support. In conclusion, the thesis underscores the potential of integrating RES and storage technologies to achieve sustainable urban energy systems and their complete independency from a national grid, imports and fossil fuels. It identifies key strategies for overcoming existing challenges and provides recommendations for advancing towards carbon neutrality and sustainable development in urban contexts. By leveraging these insights, cities can accelerate their transition towards resilient and environmentally friendly energy infrastructures, contributing to global climate goals.

One potential solution for addressing the pressing issue of global warming lies in the energy effi- ciency and power consumption of residential buildings. Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) emerges as a promising approach to optimize energy consumption by providing detailed insights into individual appliance usage. This master's thesis focuses on exploring and evaluating various approaches for event detection and classification within NILM. The research begins by testing the NILMTK toolkit, which offers a compre- hensive set of algorithms and tools for energy disaggregation. Building upon this initial investigation, a more recent approach based on deep neural networks is examined. Additionally, a novel methodology centered on leveraging the capabilities of scikit-learn is designed, developed, and presented. The thesis highlights key findings from each approach, discussing their promises and limitations. Detailed accounts of the encountered obstacles throughout the development pathway are provided, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of the challenges faced in the field of NILM. Furthermore, potential improvements and enhancements are proposed in order to successfully perform the energy disaggregation. In this research, a plethora of machine learning algorithms, both in the categories of classification and regression, are explored as potential solutions for NILM. A collection of solutions proposed in this dissertation - i.e. Random Forest Regression, Gradient Boosting Regression, and SVR - demonstrates a significant potential for advancing the NILM field and energy disaggregation. Moreover, these findings offer promising insights on feasibility of implementation of different approaches as well as the effective- ness of the methods that have been studied in the extent of this dissertation

The significant advancements in energy transition, particularly in the integration of renewable energy sources, have compelled energy engineers to devise sustainable stor-age solutions for the long term. Green hydrogen has emerged as the leading contender in this competition. Nevertheless, electrolyzers require substantial quantities of DC currents. The incorporation of a high-performance power-electronic embedded power system for the electrolyzers is an essential and unavoidable aspect of the design pro-cess. The design of a rectifier-transformer necessitates numerous unique considera-tions in contrast to a conventional grid transformer. The primary objective of this the-sis is to validate and optimize the methodology employed by Siemens Energy for the design of Rectifier-Transformers, with an exclusive emphasis on the electrical aspects. The validation process is conducted on an excel tool that has been designed within the organization. A custom MATLAB tool has been developed in parallel with advanced inputs and optimizations from the preliminary design method. The literature research encompasses an examination of the key electrical components that are integral to the power system, namely the Rectifier-Transformer, OLTC, PFC, and Grid Connections. Following this, the preliminary stages of the design encompass the assessment of the total and various individual electrical losses, which contributed to the overall dimen-sioning of the transformer. Subsequently, OLTC and the PFC are engineered to com-prehend the reactive powers and power factors inherent in the power system. The de-sign optimization involved the modification of specific characteristics, such as the di-mensions of the busbars or the limitations to the short circuit power. A transformer design tool has been developed, enabling the initiation of business activities with man-ufacturers. The transformer that has been designed within the tool is purported to possess a high level of accuracy in meeting real-time requirements.

This thesis quantifies individual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and their environmental impact, aiming to assess citizens' climate neutrality. Utilizing a user-friendly tool interface, detailed emission-related data was collected and analyzed. The dynamic design process ensured precision and user engagement, despite challenges arising from diverse methodologies and databases across countries. Unlike traditional calculators, this study's method offers a detailed comparison of each GHG's impact in terms of radiative forcing, deepening the understanding of their roles in climate change. Consistent patterns emerged across profiles, highlighting transportation, diet, goods and services, and travel as key emission contributors. Transportation, especially in areas lacking public transport, underlines the need for sustainable urban planning. High emissions from diets present opportunities for awareness campaigns promoting plant-based lifestyles. Waste management challenges underscore the need for robust policies. Net-zero GHG emissions across sectors are essential, emphasizing the significance of individual contributions. While self-reported data introduces biases, this study lays the foundation for future research. Tailored interventions addressing regional challenges are urgent. Public awareness, policy measures, and education play pivotal roles. Collaboration between stakeholders is indispensable. Understanding and addressing individual emissions fosters global progress toward climate goals, promoting environmental stewardship.