APRÈN. Portal de la producció docent del professorat de la UPC

Aquest llibre és el resultat de la suma de les reflexions del Workshop “Barcelona-Olot. Estratègies per a una mobilitat activa a la Garrotxa”, desenvolupat durant el curs 2020-21 en el marc de l'assignatura “Mobility in development” i de les Jornades “Mobilitat Activa a la Garrotxa” celebrades el juliol de 2021, organitzades conjunta - ment pel Grup de Recerca EXIT-IntraScapeLab de la UPC i pel Centre per a la Sosteni - bilitat Territorial (CST), acollides pel Centre Cultural Can Trona de l'Ajuntament de la Vall d'en Bas, i amb el suport de la Diputació de Girona. El llibre compta amb les aportacions de tècnics i experts en mobilitat activa, tant universitaris com de les institucions, així com del ric debat generat amb la participació d'entitats de promoció de mobilitat activa a la Garrotxa, i d'alcaldes i representants del Consell Comarcal de la Garrotxa.

Health and mobility are two terms that go hand in hand. Several studies show that an active population, i.e. a population that moves by non-motorised modes and/or public transport, is much healthier than a population that moves by non-active modes, such as private vehicles. Among the ten main causes of death that we find today, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), we can find several pathologies that are closely related to mobility. Respiratory diseases, caused by polluted elements expelled by vehicles and pathologies caused by sedentary people, such as cardiovascular diseases or diabetes, mainly caused by the lack of physical activity, are very present in our cities. This research project focuses on the evaluation of modal split as a key parameter for assessing mobility and its effects on health. For this reason, an analysis of the modal split of all the municipalities of the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona (AMB) is carried out. Variables such as population density, urbanised surface area, income, the commercial endowment index, the university education rate and the unemployment rate are identified as possible variables that influence the decision to use one mode of transport or another. The evolution of the modal split in the coming years will mark a turning point in mobility in the AMB and, consequently, in the health of its population. It is therefore essential that the municipalities create municipal urban development plans (POUM) that are committed to the use of active modes and, above all, restrict the use of private vehicles. There are currently several municipalities that have achieved significant reductions in motorised travel by eliminating private vehicle space and replacing it with pedestrian-only zones. These municipalities should serve as an example for those that have not yet done the relevant work. The future of mobility lies in active mobility, i.e. healthy mobility.

The development of local energy communities established in the EU legislation promotes citizen participation and the collective ownership of renewable energies, contributing to a more just and inclusive energy transition. However, there are still some information gaps due to factors such as an imprecise legal framework or a lack of reference examples. The objective of the thesis is to analyse the current framework conditions and give technical as well as organizational recommendations on the design of local energy communities in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona, with consideration of two case studies. Based on a literature review, a framework of important context factors to be considered in the design as well as of possible configurations according to relevant technical and organizational characteristics is established. This information is complemented by a survey among existing energy communities in Spain and interviews with experts. The application of this framework to the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona shows that although certain barriers still exist, there is generally a great potential for the development of local energy communities due to aspects such as favourable conditions for solar energy or the presence of neighbourhood associations and other community structures. Based on the analysis of the context, different recommendations are made. The design of a PV installation on an example roof also illustrates that synergies can be created by including different consumer profiles in an energy community, such as office buildings, schools and households. The thesis at hand is able to contribute to further research on contextual factors as well as on typologies of local energy communities. Moreover, the lack of case study analysis in the urban setting is addressed by applying the elaborated framework on the case of Barcelona.

The climate crisis generates social inequalities that affect the population in different ways. This is linked to the problem of the social crisis that implies that there is a lack of support for the household work and the care of human being, which is called the crisis of social reproduction. From an ecofeminist perspective, the territory of Nou Barris in the periphery of the city of Barcelona is analyzed through the mobility of the district in order to review the gender gaps and the link between mobility and care work in the study area. Qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis have been applied, in addition to the use of geolocation tools of the district's facilities for proximity analysis. A strategy that aims to counter the crisis of social reproduction.

This work is an evaluation of mobility plans in the city of Puebla, Mexico, to analyze to what extent active mobility has been promoted, identifying the main actors, as well as the different challenges that the implementation of this type of mobility supposes for a city like Puebla. Active mobility is understood as that which encourages us to use our body to move from one point to another either by walking, cycling or with any other non-motorized means, while sustainable mobility is understood as a mobility model that minimizes the negative impacts on the environment of traditional mobility, while putting people, their health and well-being at the center. Both are complementary since sustainable mobility requires active mobility, but in order to achieve this it is necessary to reimagine cities and understand that we cannot continue investing in them by placing private vehicles as the main actor. For this purpose, the city of Puebla is compared with other Mexican and Latin American cities that share similar characteristics, such as population, population density or geography, with the intention of understanding what they are doing differently from Puebla. We are especially interested in the practices that have already been adopted, as well as the success stories and failures that have occurred in different cities when promoting sustainable mobility. We use as an instrument the evaluations of the different citizen associations that evaluate the sustainable mobility promotions carried out in the city and that have developed significantly in the city of Puebla. At the end of the document, a series of proposals for the city are presented in order to improve existing mobility, from the perspective of the efficient promotion of active mobility.

La comunicación es un elemento con una incidencia muy alta en las sociedades actuales y que en ocasiones se pasa por alto. Modela nuestro pensamiento y nuestras aspiraciones tanto personales como colectivas. Vivimos en momentos de una gran necesidad de reanimar conciencias que promulguen y coloquen al individuo y a la sociedad civil en frente de la responsabilidad de demandar el cumplimiento de los derechos que todo ser humano tiene, y que hoy, para muchos, para demasiados, siguen estando escritos en un papel que con frecuencia se desconoce. La globalización, liberalización económica y el capitalismo han permitido que los países sean gobernados a favor de los intereses de grandes grupos financieros, dejando a la población en un segundo plano. Mozambique cuenta con 40 años de historia como país oficialmente independiente y apenas disfrutó los primeros años de soberanía sobre sí mismo. Hoy se habla con nostalgia de los años del Presidente SamoraMachel. Actualmente y/pero también muchos años atrás, la economía crece pero el país se empobrece; el nivel de vida sube y no así los salarios, las tradiciones y estructuras sociales se desvanecen y el colectivo va dejando paso al individuo. Las radios comunitarias cuentan con una larga historia de más de cincuenta años posicionándose como un sistema de comunicación capaz de generar cohesión social, preservar valores culturales endógenos que las sociedades de hoy tratan de eliminar, promocionar el ejercicio de la ciudadanía a favor del ejercicio de los derechos así como promocionar también justicia social y libertad de expresión individual y colectiva. El barrio de Maxaquene “A”, uno de los barrios de mayor tradición de la ciudad de Maputo se encuentra en momentos decisivos en cuanto a su futuro; en plena explosión urbanística de la ciudad, su futuro es incierto. La Asociación Catalana de EnginyeriaSenseFronteres (ESF), en conjunto con la organización de la sociedad civil mozambiqueña, KUWUKA – JDA y las Organizaciones Comunitarias de Base del barrio, están implementado un proyecto a favor de los derechos de la comunidad y la cohesión social en el barrio a través de la creación de una radio comunitaria. Pero la tecnología por tecnología no resuelve problemas, hasta es capaz de crearlos, y por ese motivo se debe realizar un enfoque y trabajo en muchos ámbitos, desde lo político hasta lo organizacional y social. Este trabajo pretende dar sugerencias y contribuciones para este proyecto, consecuencia de que el autor hace parte de ESF y reside en Maputo desde el año 2013.

Aquest llibre exposa les reflexions i propostes per al traçat viari de l'eix Bracons al seu pas pels municipis de les Preses i de la Vall d'en Bas, considerant especialment la seva comptabilitat amb la continuïtat de l'activitat agrícola i la necessària reordenació de la seva travessera urbana. Es tracta d'una oportunitat per explorar noves metodologies i instruments per al planejament i projecte d'infraestructures. Es presenten els resultats del Workshop organitzat de forma coordinada entre un grup de recerca de la universitat (IntraScapeLab-EXIT-UPC) i una entitat del tercer sector ambiental (CST). L'objectiu és analitzar les interaccions entre infraestructura i territori des d'una lògica de projectes transversal que integri i articuli visions enginyeres, arquitectòniques, ambientals i patrimonials.

The global context of population shifting from rural to urban areas brings the growth of large cities and metropolitan areas that surround them. In this context, the planning of the public transport network is vital in getting a sustainable mobility. Before planning the public transport network we must have a regional study of several variables that come into play when developing transport network . The objective of this thesis is to reveal the relationship between certain regional variables and public transportation. To do this , we decided to study the Barcelona Metropolitan Area and Metropolitan Area from Chicago as a comparison . This will get to see the behavior and influence of certain variables on the supply and demand of public transport in two different metropolitan areas . The first part embraces a deep territorial study including demographics , land use and characterization of mobility transport . At the end of this section some correlations between transport demand and territorial variables such as population density or the existence of certain land uses are evident Afterwards a study of the existing supply of public transport in the two metropolitan areas is performed. The study of the demand for public transport is also done. This transit demand analysis is needed to see its behavior in connection with transit supply but looking also for the correlation of such demand with the land use . Thus the section concludes with a study of the interaction between supply and demand of public transport with territorial structure and land use. A study of future public transport plans is done for the two metropolitan areas to define the priority future infrastructures to perform as well as an investment comparative between the two infrastructure plans applicable into the metropolitan areas under study.

Actualmente se desarrollan muchos proyectos a nivel mundial para la recuperación de ríos tanto en contextos naturales como en contextos urbanos. Desde hace siglos, el hombre ha sabido adaptar los sistemas fluviales a sus necesidades, provocando cambios y alteraciones a nivel cuenca hidrográfica que en ocasiones pueden resultar irreversibles. El caso de la Ciudad de México es de gran interés dentro de éste tópico, ya que resulta difícil cree que dentro de una metrópoli considerada como una de las más pobladas del mundo, aun haya ríos vivos que satisfagan las necesidades de la población. Sus antecedentes históricos como ciudad lacustre no han desaparecido completamente y aún quedan escurrimientos superficiales dignos de ser recuperados, y no quitarles la oportunidad de incorporarse a la red urbana. En el año 2008 por primera vez se impulsa en la ciudad un proyecto de recuperación para los ríos Magdalena y Eslava. Si bien la iniciativa surgió de una entidad pública de gobierno, el desarrollo del proyecto fue encargado a instituciones académicas que supieron formar un grupo de trabajo interdisciplinar, y en el que se puso como prioridad la participación en conjunto de la comunidad. Resulta entonces de gran importancia que se valoren y analicen las estrategias y objetivos que se han planteado en el programa, de tal manera que puede ser actualizado y/o mejorado para que se lleven a cabo con éxito. Es ésta una característica importante, que lo describe como un programa flexible. El río fluye en un contexto diverso. Por un lado se encuentra en contacto con el medio natural, manteniendo en gran medida procesos físico-químicos y biológicos fundamentales para su equilibrio; y por otro se enfrenta a impactos y malas prácticas que se han seguido llevando a cabo en río urbano. Este contraste hace que el programa se enfrente a varios retos, en que éste estudio deberá tomarse en cuenta para entender los factores que han influido en la toma de decisiones sobre el sistema fluvial, así como para entender su estructura y función con el entorno.

The aim of this Project is to analyze how the Collaborative Economy (CE) might influence sustainability of tourism in Barcelona. Since The Olympic Games in 1992, Barcelona has become a leader in many aspects, but especially in the tourism sector. Nowadays the city is a highly popular tourism destination and the tourism industry has made a significant contribution to the economics of Barcelona with the creation of incomes, taxes, hard currency and jobs (Sirakaya, Jamal, & Choi, 2001). Despite the high success achieved by “model Barcelona” it is important to take into accouny some challenges faced by the city in terms of tourism, creating a need for alternative and more environmentally and host-friendly practices in development, planning, and policies (Saarinen, J. 2006). One example of this is CE, which, since 2011, has started to have an impact on the Catalan capital, and all indicators show that the peer to peer (P2P) sites are one of the technology trends that are already radically transforming tourism (Sunyer, 2014). Collaborative consumption was named one of TIME Magazine's 10 ideas that will change the world. All we do, create and produce has an impact on the environment (tourism generates an impact as well as the CE) and measuring the impact of our actions helps us to know where to improve and develop better strategies. The questions now are: what is the real impact that these new systems have on the city? Do they contribute to the path of sustainable tourism? To answer these questions and form a point of departure for this study, I interviewed different stakeholders: twelve experts from CE and tourism in Barcelona and 49 students from UAB University under the Tourism Grade. Interviews made to experts were based on face to face meetings carried out in two parts; firstly semi-structured questions and secondly a survey based on an evaluation of a previously selected tourism system indicator. The survey consisted of the evaluation of the European Tourism Indicators System – ETIS for Sustainable Destinatios, where the interviewees had to evaluate the influence of CE through the validation of the 27 core indicators (deciding whether the indicator would increase, decrease or remain equal with the influence of CE). The interviews conducted with the forty-nine students were made online and based on the survey evaluation of ETIS (like with the experts). The results show that CE could generate a better distribution of income around the city and could support the process of decentralization of tourism activity in the city center. Furthermore, it could strengthen social relations between locals and visitors, and thereby improve the negative perception that mass tourism generates in some specific points like Ciutat Vella. According to the stakeholders interviewed, the influence of CE in Barcelona could ensure a higher rate of satisfaction among tourists and increase the number of strategic plans of the city in terms of sustainability. On the other hand, in is noteworthy to consider the negative effects that CE could generate; the more distribution the city has, the more social friction is generated and so more specific managing plans are needed. Furthermore, interviewees considered that the occupancy rate in commercial accommodation and direct tourism employment would decrease, which means less incomes from the “traditional” tourism enterprises.

Els sistemes complexos adaptatius (CAS per les sigles en anglès) tenen la capacitat per mantenir les seves funcions i evolucionar adaptant-se als canvis de l'entorn (Folke, 2004). Els CAS es cenyeixen al cicle adaptatiu en la seva evolució. Un sistema complex és un sistema que està caracteritzada per la no linealitat dels processos reals i un caràcter evolutiu que ha de garantir la seva persistència (Holling, 2001), i necessiten sempre de l'aportació d'un flux d'energia per no deixar de funcionar. Els sistemes complexos es defineix amb les següents característiques (Costanza, 1993): • Heterogeneïtat dels seus components. • Mútua interdependència en les funcions d'aquests components del sistema i interaccions no lineals entre les parts del sistema. • Irreversibilitat dels processos i llaços complexos de retroalimentació que fan difícil distingir entris causes i efectes. • Significatives diferències en escales temporals i espacials, discontinuïtats, llindars i límits. El desenvolupament d'un sistema ve determinat per dos aspectes complementaris: una creixent diferenciació i diversitat, i la seva integració en una estructura jeràrquica cada vegada més complexa. L'estudi de les dinàmiques evolutives dels sistemes complexos permet albirar estats recurrents que aquests sistemes travessen en la seva evolució (Cuddington & Beisner, 2005). Mitjançant el cicle adaptatiu, un ecosistema mostra que és sostenible, els cicles es repeteixen i manté la seva capacitat de crear, testar i mantenir el potencial adaptatiu (Gunderson & Holling, 2002) entenent la resiliència com a capacitat de renovació, reorganització, i de desenvolupament (Walker et al., 2006). Per explicar les dinàmiques de canvi o d'evolució d'un sistema complex es fonamentarà en les quatre etapes d'un cicle adaptatiu (Gunderson & Holling, 2002): la fase Omega, denominada de destrucció creativa; la fase Alfa, fase curta de renovació, la fase r, corresponent a la d'explotació i la fase K de conservació; i es basarà en el concepte de resiliència amb els seus dos factors més importants: el de panarquia i el de evolució Les ciutats, en tant que sistemes que integren el capital natural, humà, social, financer i físic, es comporten (són) com els CAS i poden ser estudiades des del marc general de la teoria del Cicles Adaptatius i de la Panarquia. Mataró, com a cas d'estudi, és un exemple representatiu per a l'avaluació de certes dinàmiques urbanes a partir de la retroalimentació entre les realitats i interacció de sistemes a diferents escales: l'escala barri, caracteritzada per l'existència dels buits urbans; l'escala barri/illa, identificada amb la planificació urbanística; i, finalment, l'escala solar/edifici, representada pels moviments i iniciatives socials generat en resposta als anteriors.

The evolution of the urban conditions is divided into three different “acts”. These are land plot (P), housing(H), and urbanization (U). Solà Morales pronounced in 1993 that “the analysis between their evolution [of each one of these three acts] implies to separate and analyze [them]”. Magrinyà , by the way, in 2005 stated “The different combinations of these three elements will delimit the distinct forms of urban growing. The ideal sequence would be to preserve a space in order to put the streets and urban services network, then the land plotting [...], and finally, the building of the edifications. The combination of these mechanisms is not always like that.” In low-income surroundings, plotting, housing and urbanization are and remain (usually) in their lowest level. Their tough conditions and their common inability to invest in them or to pay for some services make them generally unable to increase their conditions to a higher level. This peop le would generally live in a house built by themselves with what they have, in a land they don‟t own or even rent to anyone, and practically without any service (they give much importance to waste collection, sewerage and potable water access).So, considering this the lowest level and the complete consecution of the acts the highest, we have a range of “levels” between them, which increment is called upgrading. The main objective of this minor thesis is to understand how the mechanisms work to make this upgrading happen, and most importantly, to look for ways, procedures or policies that make an upgrading in one of the fields to incentivize one (or various) of the others.