APRÈN. Portal de la producció docent del professorat de la UPC

The purpose of this project is to get as close as possible to creating what would be a real project in the preparation of the technical documentation for obtaining the CE marking for a pressure equipment, complying with the provisions of the Real Decreto 709/2015, which transposes the European Directive 2014/68/EU. In this work, a technical report has been created for a pressure vessel that contains resistances that heat a gas fluid so that it later works under optimal temperature and pressure conditions in equipment that would be connected to this vessel. In the present report, the equipment has been categorized, and the necessary certifications and approvals to manufacture a vessel of this type with respect to materials and welds have been provided as a simulation. Additionally, emphasis has been placed on the set of non-destructive tests and inspections that must be carried out before the vessel is put into service to ensure that the equipment is safe and meets the Directive's requirements. For the creation of the vessel, the Bentley AutoPipeVessel program has been used, where, in addition to designing the equipment in 3D, the respective calculations regarding the forces that each part of the equipment can withstand under pressure conditions have been generated.

The work Application of Drafting for Fuel Reduction in Truck Driving aims to thoroughly explore and understand the phenomenon of drafting as a key strategy to improve the energy efficiency of vehicles. Through a detailed theoretical investigation, the fundamental principles of aerodynamics are analyzed, with a special emphasis on the relevance of drafting in reducing aerodynamic drag and, consequently, optimizing fuel consumption. The work begins with an exhaustive exploration of basic concepts such as aerodynamic profiles, the Bernoulli principle, and the determining factors in the effectiveness of drafting. Mathematical calculations and computational models used are detailed, highlighting the use of Ansys software to simulate and predict the behavior of drafting in various configurations and conditions. It is explained how this theoretical research will serve as the basis for the practical part of the work, which will include a real experiment with two trucks to correlate the results obtained through simulation. In conclusion, the work offers a comprehensive understanding of drafting as an aerodynamic optimization technique, with the goal of contributing to fuel consumption reduction and, consequently, the sustainability of transportation. Through an integrated approach between theoretical research and practical experimentation, significant conclusions have been reached that can have a positive impact on the development of more efficient and environmentally friendly vehicles.

This document focuses on the analysis of a profile system, divided into two stages. In the first phase, an experimental study will be conducted in the wind tunnel with the aim of measuring the lift and drag forces in a specific configuration. With the results obtained from this experimental analysis, the second phase of the work will proceed. The second part will involve numerical simulation using the COMSOL Multiphysics program, aimed at validating the experimental results obtained in the wind tunnel. This simulation will be carried out under the same conditions and configuration defined in the experimental analysis to ensure the consistency of the results. Finally, by comparing the experimental results with those obtained through simulation with COMSOL, conclusions will be drawn regarding the validity and effectiveness of the methods employed in the study. This methodological sequence will provide a comprehensive and validated understanding of the aerodynamic forces of the profile system, contributing to the advancement of knowledge in the field of Mechanical Engineering.

This project consists of the design of low-power water chillers, up to 50 kW, to later be able to market them and cover a real need. The main objective of the work is to verify that the company Vacca Engineering can carry out the design and manufacture of refrigeration equipment, based on the assembly of each of the components offered by a current supplier, keeping an affordable price compared to the studied market. This project is carried out considering the company's available means, such as the marketing licenses for fluorinated gases, the availability of experienced technicians to assemble all the components and the discounts provided by suppliers. To do this, the theoretical information of a refrigeration cycle is presented, with all its stages, as well as the specific operation of a water chiller and the regulations to follow. From the theory, a process of calculating each of the components that every chiller must contain is followed, with the help of specific programs and thermodynamic principles. Finally, a real selection of all the components is presented, and an economic evaluation is carried out to really check their viability.

Nowadays, thermal comfort in spaces is crucial. Users in a space con to be at a suitable temperature at all times to be comfortable and engage activities without discomfort. This one is achieved through various types of installations. This final degree thesis will involve explaining the design and sizing, as well as presenting a budget for a heating, cooling and ventilation system that takes care of controlling all possible aspects to ensure that the person in a specific space can be comfortable. The design will be tailored as closely as possible to the building's structure, aiming to maintain its aesthetics and minimize visual impact on its main features. Sizing will adhere to current regulations, always prioritizing maximum comfort for users. The entire installation will be carried out with consideration for energy efficiency and environmental impact. Units producing few contaminants will be used to reduce pollution from such installations. Additionally, highly efficient unts will be implemented to obtain a large amount of thermal energy from a small amount of non-renewable primary energy, with renewable energy being de main source of energy production.

The aim of this paper is to study how the aerodynamics of a cyclist in motion is modified by the position he/she adopts. In particular, two common positions of the cyclist are analysed: one in which the cyclist keeps his/her back upright and the other in which the cyclist leans forward. First, some theoretical concepts of both external flows and computational fluid dynamics are presented, which form the basis for the subsequent development of the main study. The latter is carried out using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software, which allows us to simulate how airflow affects the cyclist in motion. CFD is a valuable tool for evaluating the air resistance of different cyclist positions and has the advantage of providing detailed information that would be more difficult to obtain experimentally. The results of this analysis are complemented and validated by experimental results: a power meter is used to measure the power output of a cyclist adopting the positions under study in conditions similar to those established in the simulation. The purpose of this study is to confirm, through the analysis of a cyclist in motion, how changing the cyclist's position improves aerodynamic resistance, allowing a higher speed to be reached without having to use more power. In short, it provides a better understanding of the causes of drag and a better guide to optimising position.

Aquest projecte neix a l'empresa Hewlett-Packard (HP) a Sant Cugat del Vallès. Treballant dins de l'equip de R&D de la impressora 3D de metalls apareix la necessitat de millorar l'ergonomia de la Build Unit (BU), la màquina que s'encarrega de contenir la peça quan s'imprimeix i que alhora controla la temperatura durant la impressió i també gestiona la pols utilitzada per aquesta tasca. A l'hora d'enforcar el problema d'ergonomia, s'estudia el sistema de mobilitat que té la BU que és un vehicle tipus carro; això es farà ja que la problemàtica apareix després d'haver fet el canvi. Aquest canvi millora alguns aspectes ergonòmics però empitjora altres que tenen a veure amb la inserció i extracció de la BU en altres dispositius. En aquestes accions els usuaris han de realitzar forces de fins a 460 N tibant i 245 N empenyent, aquests valors queden fora dels límits imposats per regulacions de 145 N i 200 N respectivament. L'altre problema que afecta a l'ergonomia i la seguretat del carro és el fre, ja que també s'ha vist que en algunes circumstàncies la BU no queda prou frenada cosa que pot arribar a ser un problema. El departament de regulacions demana una força de frenada de 250 N i en les primeres proves es veu que es pot moure la BU amb només 60 N en alguns casos que és pràcticament la mateixa força que quan està lliure. Un cop està el problema sobre la taula s'estudiaran les causes arrel per a cada un i se'n proposaran solucions per tal de tenir diferents opcions a l'hora de fer el canvi. Per les propostes s'hauran de fer dissenys nous o modificacions de les peces actuals de la BU. La manera de triar i validar solucions serà via el testing, metodologia que constarà d'una sèrie de proves per a cada sistema. Durant la segona fase de proves es compararan les propostes de cada solució. En el cas dels para-xocs, la solució per a la inserció, s'ha vist que el material adequat per a cobrir-los és el POM, ja que ofereix valors de força un 35% inferiors empenyent i un 29% tibant amb la solució de plàstic que amb la de Nylon. El cas del fre, s'ha optat per afegir un topall a la roda central aplicat en direcció radial. En aquest canvi s'ha vist que ofereix un entre un 55% i 40% més força de frenat respecte les solucions amb un cargol en direcció radial i lateral de quan s'empenta; quan s'està tibant l'increment és d'entre el 25 i 23%. Els resultats han servit per decidir canviar totes dues solucions. En el cas dels frens, s'ha pogut aconseguir que el test de validació doni una força de frenat per sobre de 250 N tant empenyent com tibant. Aquestes han estat de 322 N i 502 N respectivament de mitjana amb valors mínims de 309 N i 360 N. Els para-xocs que havien d'estar per sota de 145 N de força tibant i 200 N de força empenyent s'ha pogut validar amb resultats de 110 N de mitjana quan s'empenta i 143 N de mitjana quan es tiba. Després de passar per totes les fases del projecte es donaran per vàlides les solucions i la BU podrà formar part de la versió comercial del producte

This work is intended as a guide to the design of an undetray for a racing vehicle. In this case, a model has been developed for the season following this project for the e-Tech Racing team that competes in Formula Student. The aim is to improve aerodynamic efficiency by adding this new element. In order to do this, first the theory of fluid mechanics and aerodynamics is addressed and will be reflected throughout the work. Then CFD is introduced and how it has been implemented in the project and what are the steps to follow. The design is optimised by means of the results obtained in the computational simulations, not only numerical results are analysed, but also the behaviour of the air flow and how this affects the behaviour of the car on track. With all this, a conclusion is reached and the objectives of the project are achieved, giving rise to future generations to use this work as a starting point to achieve a more efficient undetray.

This degree final project is about the aerodynamic study of the NACA 4412 airfoil, which objective is to conduct an analysis of the aerodynamics actions on the profile with different test conditions. For this reason, a theoretical study will be carried out using a numerical simulation with the Ansys Fluent Software, and furthermore, an experimental study with the wind tunnel that will be a validation of the results obtained from simulations. First, an investigation of the aerodynamics and the airfloils will be conducted, revealing the concepts and terms that will be used in this project. Next, the theory associated with the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) will be carried out, describing their different methods and their respective equations, the concepts and how the Ansys Fluent CFD software works and, lastly, the methodology that must be followed in the simulations. Finally, the results obtained from the aerodynamics study, theorical and experimental, will be presented, as well as the correlation of these results and the final conclusions of the project.

Aquest projecte és un recull del camí seguit a l'hora de desenvolupar un aleró posterior per a un monoplaça de Formula Student, centrant-se en el prototip ETR-06 de la temporada 2019-2020 de l'equip e-Tech Racing. L'objectiu del treball és realitzar l'estudi amb enfocament aerodinàmic per determinar la futura geometria de l'aleró. A més a més, es vol explicar cada pas que es segueix al llarg d'aquest incloent els problemes que apareixen i les decisions que es prenen. Primerament, s'abordaran tots els aspectes teòrics referents a la mecànica de fluids i l'aerodinàmica. Seguidament, es tractaran les eines de dinàmica de fluids computacional (CFD), com aquestes s'han utilitzat en el projecte i quina ha sigut la metodologia seguida. Per últim es comentarà tot el procés i els resultats obtinguts. El disseny d'ales dins del món dels esports de motor és un àmbit amb molt marge de millora, on sempre es pot avançar i descobrir altres direccions per explorar. Aquesta memòria pretén servir de guia per ajudar futurs dissenys i transmetre tots els coneixements assolits fins al dia d'avui.

En aquest treball de fi grau s'ha dut a terme un estudi aerodinàmic de les pales d'un aerogenerador d'eix horitzontal (HAWT) amb l'objectiu d'estudiar la influència del número de pales i de la geometria en els perfils alars dels aerogeneradors. En primer lloc, es valorarà la situació actual dels aerogeneradors i s'estudiaran els factors aerodinàmics que influeixen en la producció d'energia. Es realitzarà el disseny de tres perfils d'aerogenerador amb el programa de CAD Solidworks i es fabricaran de poliamida 12 mitjançant 3D Printing. En aquest TFG, es realitzaran un seguit de càlculs teòrics mitjançant la utilització del programa QBlade amb el mètode BEM per a la realització d'una simulació computacional de les pales dels aerogeneradors. Finalment, mitjançant un túnel de vent s'analitzarà experimentalment els perfils fabricats i s'estudiarà els resultats obtinguts amb les obtingudes de les simulacions.