APRÈN. Portal de la producció docent del professorat de la UPC

En el marc de l'Agenda 2030 la igualtat de gènere apareix com el 5è ODS a assolir. Però tot i els esforços polítics i socials per promoure l'interès per l'àmbit STEM entre les noies, encara observem un índex molt baix de noies matriculades en estudis tècnics a tots els nivells. Fins al dia d'avui els estudis duts a terme marquen com a estratègies per promoure aquest àmbit la utilització de llenguatge inclusiu, l'ús de referents femenins, la promoció a través de mitjans visuals com imatges i vídeos o la contextualització social. Aquest treball qüestiona l'efectivitat d'algunes d'aquestes eines en edats adolescents. Parlant en termes generals, planteja la contextualització social com la millor d'elles per captar talent femení a l'àmbit STEM, i descarta l'ús de referents externs com a mitjà de promoció vocacional. Realitza un estudi de camp per tal de comprovar aquestes hipòtesis així com la viabilitat del seu ús i, segons els resultats obtinguts, elabora i proposa una activitat que destaca el vessant social i de serveis de la tecnologia, de cara a millorar la participació de les dones a les aules.

Las situaciones como el desempleo, la precariedad laboral, las diferencias de oportunidades para acceder a derechos básicos, las situaciones de violencia intrafamiliar, entre otras; no afectan igualmente a todas las personas, estableciendo como uno de los ejes principales de estas desigualdades la razón de género. Las diferencias existentes entre mujeres y hombres condicionan las distintas dimensiones de la exclusión residencial, debido a las mayores dificultades a las que se enfrentan las mujeres para acceder a una vivienda adecuada y segura, situaciones que muchas veces se encuentran invisibilizadas debido a la capacidad propia de las mujeres de generar mayores redes de apoyo familiares y sociales. En Chile, aún son escasas las investigaciones que abarquen el concepto amplio de exclusión residencial y sus distintas dimensiones desde una perspectiva de género, y por ende, las políticas y programas habitacionales son insuficientes en esta materia. Dentro de este marco, la presente investigación determina el alcance cuantitativo de la brecha de género, entre mujeres y hombres, en cuatro dimensiones de la exclusión residencial: dimensión económica, dimensión social, dimensión legal y dimensión física de la vivienda, durante los años 2011-2020; determinando si estamos frente a un proceso de feminización de los distintos procesos de exclusión residencial dentro del territorio chileno. Para lo anterior, la investigación responde a una metodología de tipo cuantitativa que se estructura a partir de un análisis estadístico de distintas variables de la exclusión residencial desde una perspectiva de género, con datos provenientes de fuentes de información existentes en Chile. Esto con el fin de contribuir a la identificación de áreas de especial atención de la brecha de genero de este fenómeno para posibles estudios posteriores, y actuaciones en materia de políticas y programas habitacionales con un enfoque transversal de género.

In 1947, Colin Rowe, in the essay The Mathematics of the Ideal Villa, would prove irrefutably, through a comparison between Villa Stein in Garches by Le Corbusier and La Malcontenta in the Veneto by Andrea Palladio, that the modern architecture movement “was not revolutionary, as it was supposed to be, but rather evolutionary and connected to history”. This essay is inspired on that comparison in order to, by means of a juxtaposition of the main texts on the city written by Colin Rowe himself and Jane Jacobs, activist and author of Death and Life of Great American Cities, bring these two characters closer together, show similarities in their thought and suggest that architecture (and urban design) is not and should not be considered an autonomous discipline, but is rather dependent on the social, political and economic structures within which it operates. The essay addresses issues of complexity, context and dependence in architecture.

The feeling of “insecurity” or “fear” is that feeling that appears when a person feels that their security is under threat. At night, in the darkness of the city, dimly lit streets and parks make citizens perceive situations of danger or threat when they walk alone on the street. The Manifest de la Inseguretat is an exploration and investigation into how gender affects the perception of urban spaces and insecurity on public roads. A visual and analytical project, about a normalized reality, such as being afraid when returning home alone at night, and how this affects its citizens.

During the 19th century, the relationship of many women with space is subjected to the will of others, which deprives them of the right to enter the public sphere and relegates them to the domestic environment, in which they do not always have a particular corner where they can read. From the moment of their irruption in the world of reading they meet, on the one hand, the prejudices of a society that denounces their escape of reality and the awakening of their imagination and, on the other, the construction of a myth about their figures, reflected in the endless representations that proliferate at that time. This research, which is fundamentally framed in the 19th century and the early years of the 20th, approaches the link that women readers have with the architectural frameworks that surround them, which interweaves the reflections derived from the study with the analysis of paintings. The work is conceived as an itinerary through the places they inhabit when reading, which goes from outdoor settings to the most intimate corners of the house, with the aim of discovering the importance that space takes on in the development of this daily practice.

In recent decades, it has been increasingly asserted that the urban space which we live in has been shaped for the use of a specific prototype of a person: that of the white male, middle-aged, who dedicates his time to the productive sphere, and uses his own motorized vehicle as a method of displacement. For this reason, the administrative bodies are increasingly committed to generating a change in these conditions, in order to assure that future plans and projects guarantee conditions that favour the development of the daily life of the rest of groups that make up the city's social fabric, such as the inclusion of Gender Impact Reports, that accompany regulated plans and projects. This work, in search of aspects that should be evaluated in the Gender Impact Report, of each type of plan or project that affects the urban space, explores the link between the capacities of the plans and projects, and the improvement of daily life from a gender-neutral and inclusive perspective.

Throughout my career as a student of architecture I have always been very interested in Japanese architecture. This fact prompts me to start this work in Japan and to understand what has been its influ- ence on Western architects. I draw up a list of architects of the modern movement who during their career traveled to Japan to immerse themselves in its culture and learn from its tradition. I reaffirm the lack of female referents, just as I have suffered during my academic period. For this reason I choose Charlotte Perriand, among other relevant characters, to ex- pand the dissemination and research of influential women architects in the twentieth century. I begin the work with the reasons that promote Charlotte Perriand to travel to Japan in a first trip she makes in 1940. In this first recreation of the trip, we can observe the first projects that the Parisian woman developed both in Tokyo and Osaka. A second step is to reconstruct the itinerary of her second trip, which revolves around a new project that she developed as the culmination of her research on the art of inhabiting. The aim of the work is to reconstruct the exhibition “Prepostition de une synthèse des arts, Paris 1955” by Charlotte Perriand and to analyze the demonstration of the compatibility of the new industrial techniques of Europe (Paris) and the delicacy of oriental craftsmans- hip (Tokyo). Thus, this reconstruction succeeds in showing the relevance of Char- lotte Perriand's figure in the architectural field, based on the link established between Western and Eastern culture with the projection of the exhibition.

Inequality hurts. And discrimination interferes negatively with the natural course of people's growth, and therefore with the way they occupy space. This study aims to investigate the impact of patriarchal society on women's relationship to space. The design of both communal and intimate spaces has sought to provide pragmatic architectural solutions to meet basic needs that have often been less than inclusive, and for a long time the invisibility of women in society has meant that today, the design of spaces has clear shortcomings with respect to women's needs. To carry out this project, I focus on two works by two feminist women who have made visible the importance of women's space. Firstly, Dreams Of Trespass: Tales Of A Harem Girlhood, by Fatema Mernissi, an autobiographical account that reconstructs the spaces of childhood through the memory of a girl in a harem in the Medina of Fez at the beginning of the 20th century. Secondly, the essay based on a series of lectures by Virginia Woolf, A Room of One's Own, in which Woolf highlights the importance of having access to a space of one's own. Finally, I draw on a research paper I did a few years ago as part of my Anthropology of the City course, in which I attempted a brief analysis of women's use of the city in both Spain and Morocco. The second part of the work aims to work on three spatial scales. That of the woman's body, the woman's own space, and the space she occupies in the more collective space. It is a search for a closer look to understand women's space. Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)

Aquesta recerca té la voluntat d'integrar per fer possible un canvi espacial a la igualtat, on les condicions de vida de les persones i les cures estan al centre. Nous espais que es basen en una mirada que integra tots els diferents col·lectius dins d'una societat: la perspectiva del gènere. I, tot i que aquesta paraula ens porti a pensar fàcilment amb la dualitat femení-masculí, la perspectiva engloba un punt de vista molt més ampli, interseccional, amb un objectiu igualitari, no condicionat per cap predefinició social, ètnica o racial. Les pioneres en materialitzar en maó aquests principis creant una forma de vida i de convivència transformadora a l'ordre establert tradicionalment, van ser les beguines, dones de diferents estrats socials, econòmicament independents, que vivien al marge del model familiar i eclesiàstic. Per això, “Habitar enfora de l'envà del gènere: de les beguines a l'arquitectura feminista” és un estudi cap a habitatges amb una mirada fora dels estàndards i amb igualtat dins de la diversitat, partint d'un pensament i una acció revolucionaria, els beguinatges.

From vulnerability to intimacy consists of the development of emergency housing for women victims of sexist violence in a privileged environment: an old Catalan farmhouse in the middle of the Can Freixes park. This program is completed with a feminist meeting facility with various services for women, from classrooms for workshops to information and advice points. The need for these spaces is evident in the face of the numbers of women, trans people, non-binary people killed, attacked and harassed. The objective of the project is to manage to create safe spaces, of trust, where you feel free to be and relate. Create a journey both physically and emotionally that accompanies women from the vulnerability in which many find themselves to intimacy, to the encounter with themselves.

This final degree project is a study on the role of women in the university student environment in Spain. The number of female students enrolled and graduated is studied with respect to the total number of students in each of the different branches of education and as a whole. Furthermore, the academic performance of both genders is examined in various formative stages. A comparison is made between 27 European countries on the percentage of total students represented by women. And this information is used to look for geographic patterns by confronting said parameter with two other variables: the percentage of resident women and the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) per capita of each of the countries. Information with sufficient temporal background is used to make a forecast on the role that women will play in the next 9 years in the different branches of education, taking into account the previous trends. Finally, a joint study is made of all the data analyzed together with the employment situation that women find themselves at the end of the university degree. The general research shows a great disparity in certain aspects of professional and personal life for both men and women. This inequality has various causes, most of them belonging to the social and cultural sphere.

Els espais que habitem condicionen fortament les nostres vides i, per tant, els projectes d'urbanisme, arquitectura i disseny que hi ha darrere són responsables de vetllar per totes les persones que els habiten. Al llarg de la història, però, les diverses discriminacions sistemàtiques han alimentat l'oblit de les veus i experiències de molts grups socials, perpetuant la seva opressió. El present treball pretén reivindircar el valor de l'arquitectura, en aquest cas en l'educació i la pedagogia, des de la perspectiva de gènere. Analitza les dinàmiques generades en els patis escolars a conseqüència del patriarcat, on els nens acostumen a ocupar la major part de l'espai en una posició central i protagonista, i les nenes se situen a la seva perifèria amb activitats de caire més tranquil, molt sovint reproduint rols de gènere. La poca oferta, respecte a la varietat de material, jocs, mobiliari i paviments, sovint afavoreix o propicia les activitats realitzades pels nens. Per altra banda, els patis actuals responen a la “necessitat” de desfogar-se durant les hores de classe, en lloc d'aprofitar el joc i el descans com eina d'aprenentatge. Entenent el pati com un espai de vital importància per la integració de valors i la formación d'un pensament crític a través del joc lliure, des de la coeducació es proposa un model de pati reactiu que genera una major diversitat d'espais i activitats per atendre les necessitats de totes les persones partícips a través de la seva implicació en el procés.

Este trabajo surge del convencimiento de la importancia que supone la incorporación de la perspectiva de género como categoría analítica y metodológica para abordar la realidad, así como las teorías y prácticas feministas para la reconsideración crítica del entorno que habitamos, del proyecto y de la teoría. Habitamos un entorno de pensamiento, social y físico androcéntrico y patriarcal que ha generado un sistema de conocimiento falsamente neutral y que ha dejado fuera las aportaciones de las mujeres a lo largo de la historia, y esto es una omisión que la sociedad ya no puede permitirse. La antología está compuesta por 36 textos publicados entre 1961 y 2011, muchos de ellos inéditos en castellano, que forman parte imprescindible del acervo del pensamiento feminista. Aunque no están todos, sirven como inicio y esperamos sirva para animar a continuar en esta búsqueda tan apasionante como imprescindible.

This is a preliminary research on approaches highlighting the attempts to design architectural representations of women and aims to prevent further hate crimes and misogyny related behaviours towards women. Misogyny is an ongoing global issue for women which ends up in discrimination, sexual harassment, physical or psychological violence and even femicides. Sexism is the foundation of hatred towards the female gender. This paper intends to find out if architecture can be used to erase mental boundaries between different social groups and in this case between opposed genders. The structure of the thesis starts with introducing ongoing issues towards women and the manipulative role of art and architecture to create an awareness for social issues. The first chapter aims to understand the design decision of the chosen architecture case studies to find out how they were shaped through the social issue they highlight. The chosen case studies include Jewish Museum Berlin, Murdered Jews of Europe, National Holocaust Monument and other phenomenological constructions which create a sensorial experience with the visitor. The chapter concludes with the importance of the relationship between form and the identity of the discriminated group and their experience of discrimination. The second chapter focuses on representations of the woman's body through art and especially sculpting to understand the shaping woman and the embodied emotions to be able to create a design strategy which is focused on the body of woman, while also highlighting the social issue through different shape distortion techniques. The last chapter is a design reflection of the previous research and results in creating a design methodology with mixed multimedia techniques which includes figurative collages, hand sketches and clay sculpting. Therefore, the final outcome is about distorting the real shape of the woman with architecture, in order to achieve a sensational hand-crafted design.

A través de la historia se ha desarrollado la construcción de unos imaginarios socioculturales acerca del caminar, que se han reproducido a lo largo del tiempo en una exaltación de esta acción como experiencia ociosa, elitista, y corporizada mayoritariamente en experiencias masculinas. Sin embargo, en estos imaginarios están ausentes las experiencias de las mujeres, quienes también han estado presentes y han aportado sus propias realidades y vivencias. Esta omisión ha sido legitimada a través de la construcción de la división sexual del espacio, donde lo privado se relaciona con lo femenino y lo público con lo masculino. Las experiencias femeninas del caminar son reclamadas por los movimientos feministas, y el urbanismo con perspectiva de género reivindica el caminar como acto político, retomando esta acción como método de conocimiento y reconocimiento del territorio y hacia la apuesta de recuperar y democratizar el espacio público. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivos construir una genealogía del caminar como experiencia narrada, en la cual poder rastrear de qué modo se ha omitido o invisibilizado la experiencia de las mujeres; develar de qué modo las mujeres han estado presentes y han sido protagonistas de sus propias experiencias a pesar de no aparecer en las narrativas clásicas; y finalmente, poner en valor la importancia del caminar como estrategia para el conocimiento del territorio, a través de la utilización de esta acción como metodología de diagnosis y posterior elaboración de acciones concretas, por parte del urbanismo con perspectiva de género.

The kitchen has been used as a political tool throughout the 20th century, always linked to certain values. Traditionally, women have been deprived of public and political life through domestic work, where the kitchen is the protagonist as it occupies almost all the time of her work in the house. Therefore, it is not surprising that patriarchal society has made an effort to keep the kitchen within the private sphere. During the 19th and 20th century, many proposals emerged that focused, in a way or another, on saving time for women. Some projects focused on improving private kitchens within each house, while other focused on collectivizing these spaces. This last option is what this thesis wants to focus on. Currently in Spain, the cooperative housing model is a minority. However, at a time when a reflection on housing is necessary, I believe that these models can be vey interesting for several reasons.

The perception of fear, the sense of threat and the spatial behaviors that people develop in public spaces are deeply related to their age, ethnicity and physical abilities, but above all to their gender. Metropolises are not gender-impartial. Urban spaces have a strong gender orientation both in terms of uses and the rights and freedoms that are associated with them. A city is formed based on the quantity and quality of social relations, it occurs more strongly when there is a feeling of community, so feeling safe or protected in the neighborhoods is the basis for defining a positive relationship with the urban environment in which we live and in which its people live. To materialize this, it is necessary, among others, to adapt the public space in everyday life, and rethink security from aspects such as autonomy and sexist violence, ensuring that the voice of everyone is relevant in the construction of public space. This work aims to study everyday spaces in my hometown, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, and how to perceive them through urbanism with a gender perspective. Understand if they are safe and understand what makes space unsafe; and whether the perception of these spaces can be improved through urbanism.

Crisàlide is an emergency shelter service for women victims of gender violence. The building is located in the industrial area of Can Ricart, in the district of Poblenou in Barcelona. This service provides assistance to women when their home is no longer a safe place and they have to leave. It is a specialised, residential and temporary service (stay between six months and one year), which offers shelter and comprehensive care (psychological, legal and social). In other words, it is a space that allows for the recovery and reparation of women and their dependent children. The project studies how architecture can support and contribute to the improvement of delicate emotional situations, such as the one in which the users find themselves. Issues such as privacy, security, relations between spaces and care appear in first place in the project's order of priorities with the aim of making it the best place to recover from a situation as difficult as the one described.

Léonie Geisendorf (1914-2016) was a pioneering architect of the second half of the twentieth century. Her work is concentrated in Sweden, a country to where she moved before World War II. She was a great exponent of Swedish post-war architecture. Geisendorf combines the Scandinavian tradition of Nordic architects with themodernity of Le Corbusier, with whom she worked while studying at the ETH Zurich, elevating her to the category of Nordic Master. Due to political and social reasons of the time, Geisendorf had difficulties in completing some of her works and in many cases they were never built. The aim of this study is to highlight her architecture. Five unbuilt orunfinished works will be studied. Each of these cases will be analysed graphically based on the materials found in the ArkDes museum archive. Special attention will be paid to the place, programme, material and architectural or artistic references.

During my academic period, I have noticed a lack of visibility of female references in architecture. This is not due to an ignorance of their contributions, rather it is the consequence of a lack of research and dissemination of them. Between the last 10 and 15 years, some female architects have decided to give voice to the career path of Charlotte Perriand through the elaboration of thesis, final degree projects and publications. One of the issues that still needs to be addressed is Perriand's design of the workspace. Undoubtedly, it is of great interest given the current situation. The project is based on a first analysis of the study and work areas that she incorporates in the domestic sphere through some projects. These are references of attention to the singularities of the user, the adaptability and flexibility of the spaces, the possibility of simultaneous uses and functions or the use of colour as a tool to personalize the furniture. The second point involves a redrawing of the three agency projects developed by the airline Air France in London, Paris and Tokyo between 1956 and 1960. These three examples are cases where the workspace is independent from the house, but they already incorporate concepts of flexibility and versatility typical of office customer service spaces as we know them today. The current situation of health crisis has led us to necessarily introduce the office at home and, in most cases, with great difficulty due to the lack of provision of a suitable space for this function. Looking to the not too distant future, in which the collective workspaces lost during the pandemic will be recovered, they will have to be rethought and redesigned so as not to give up the benefits and comforts that domesticity has shown us in recent months.